BIOCHEM

• e is a trisaccharide formed from the combination of three monomers: galactose, glucose, and fructose.

  RAFIINOSE
• s (also called oligofructans) are short chains of fructose residues found in many plants, especially in blue Agave plant, Jerusalem artichoke, and yacón.

  Fructooligosaccharides
• Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of one molecule of alpha-D-glucose and one molecule of beta-D-fructose.
• are oligosaccharides made up of a short chain of galactose molecules.

  Galactooligosaccharides:
• contain from 3 to 10 monosaccharide units

  OLIGOSACCHARIDES
• contain very long chains of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide units, which may be either in straight or branched chains.

  POLYSACCHARIDES
• both D-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxy- acetone occur in the form of phosphate esters as intermediates in glycolysis.

  Trioses
• Erythrose-4-P occurs as an intermediate in hexose monophosphate shunt which is an alternative pathway for glucose oxidation.

  Tetroses\
• is a constituent of nucleic acid RNA; also, as a constituent of certain coenzymes, e.g. FAD, NAD, coenzyme A.

  D-ribose
• is a constituent of DNA.

  D-2-deoxyribose
• D-Glucose, D-Galactose, DFructose

  HEXOSE
• e is found in nucleic acid (DNA)

  2-deoxy-D-Ribose
• is found as a constituent of glycoproteins, blood group substances and bacterial polysaccharides

  6-deoxy-L-Galactose
• Sugars containing an –NH2 group in their structure and occur as occur as a constituent

  Amino sugars (hexosamines) and Amino sugar acids
• compounds containing a carbohydrate and a noncarbohydrate residue in the same molecule.

  Glycosides
• It consists of two polymeric units of glucose called (i) Amylose and (ii) Amylopectin, but they differ in molecular architecture and in certain properties

  STARCH
• consists of long, unbranched chains of glucose (from 1000 to 2000 molecules) connected by α (1-4) glycosidic linkages.

  Amylose
• consists of long chains of glucose (up to 105 molecules) connected by α (1-4) glycosidic linkages, with α (1-6) branches every 24 to 30 glucose units along the chain.

  Amylopectin
• is the reserve carbohydrate of the animal

  GLYCOGEN
• It is not hydrolyzed readily by dilute acids, but heating with fairly high concentrations of acids yields, the disaccharide Cellobiose and D-Glucose.

  CELLULOSE
• is made up of two molecules of D-Glucose linked together by β-Glucosidic linkage between C1 and C4 of adjacent glucose units.

  Cellobiose
• It is a long chain homoglycan composed of D-fructose units with repeating beta-1,2 linkages. ▪ It is clinically used to find renal clearance value and glomerular filtration rate.

  INULIN
• They are made up of units of a ▪ number of D-Glucose molecules, having α1 → 6, α1 → 4, α1 → 2 or α1 → 3 glycosidic linkages, within each unit and the units are joined together to form a network.

  DEXTRAN
• When starch is partially hydrolyzed by the action of acids or enzymes, it is broken down into a number of products ▪ It is comprised of D-glucose units that are linked by α-(1→4) or α-(1→6) glycosidic bonds.

  DEXTRIN
• Or glycosamino glycans (GAG) are heteropolysaccharides, containing uronic acid and amino sugars.

  MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES
• in combination with proteins form mucoproteins.

  MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES