Biopsych

• Behavioral neuroscience is the study of the biological bases of psychological processes and behavior
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  Descartes explained control of behavior in terms of a machine and proposed the concept of spinal reflexes and their neural pathways
• Localization of function is the concept that different brain regions specialize in specific behaviors 
• Neuroplasticity is a physical change in the brain in response to experience or learning 
• The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord; it receives sensory information from the PNS and sends motor commands back to the body.
• PET stands for Positron emission tomography
• PET is used to detect radioactively-labeled substances (e.g. water, glucose)
• fMRI stands for functional magnetic resonance imaging. It is a technique that uses magnetic fields to measure the blood flow in the brain
• Dualism defined by Descartes, humans have a nonmaterial soil as well as a material body and that this soul governs behavior through a point of contact such as the pineal gland.
• DTI stands for Diffusion Tensor Imaging, using MRI to visualize water in axons, creating a neuro connection image 
• Electroencephalogram (EEG): measures electrical activity at the surface of the scalp
• Magnetoencephalography (MEG): measures magnetic field changes produced by neural activity
• Lesion methods is one of the oldest approaches to map brain-behavior relationships; Traumatic brain injuries & Animal studies 
• TMS stands for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; a technique that uses magnetic fields to stimulate neurons in the brain
• Using Nissl stains scientists can visualize all cell bodies in a tissue section, making it possible to measure the size and number of cell bodies in a particular region
• Golgi stains label only a small minority of neurons in a sample, but the affected cells are stained very completely, revealing fine details of cell structure such as the branches of dendrites and axons.
• Optogenetics is a new technique to manipulate the activity ofspecific subsets of neurons
• The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
• Santiago Ramon y Cajal established what came to be known as the neuron doctrine: (1) neurons and other cells of the brain are structurally, metabolically, and functionally independent, and (2) information is transmitted from neuron to neuron across tiny gaps, later named synapses.
• Four important neuron parts: cell body, dendrites, axon, axon terminal
• Dendrites: collect incoming signalsfrom other neurons
• Soma/cell body: where the nucleus resides; integrates information fromdendrites
• Axon: Nerve fiber extension from soma, allowing communication over long distances
• Axon terminals: Contain neurotransmitters, optimized for signal output
• Multipolar neuron is when the neuron has more than one dendrite and axon
• Bipolar neurons have a single dendrite at one end of the cell and a single axon at the other end. Bipolar neurons are especially common in sensory systems, such as vision.
• Unipolar neurons have a single extension (or process), usually thought of as an axon, that branches in two directions after leaving the cell body.
• Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in CNS inside brain for insulation of axons
• Schwann Cells produce myelin in PNS outside brain for insulation of axons 
• Myelin is fatty substances on axons that allows electrical signals reach the ends of neurons faster
• Astrocytes is
• Anatomical Planes: sagittal, coronal, and horizontal
• Sagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves.
• Coronal plane divides the body into front and back portions.
• Horizontal plane divides between upper and lower parts
• Midbrain includes superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra, red nuclei, tectospinal tract, reticular formation, cranial nerve III-VI, and cerebellar peduncles
• Forebrain consists of cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, olfactory bulbs, optic chiasm, pituitary gland, and epithalamus
• The brain has three main regions: forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
• Glutamate functions by major excitatory neurotransmitter, critical to memory
• GABA functions by major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain