Cellular respiration

• Humans need a source to survive by using food as an energy and this converts to chemical energy. Organisms need an external source of energy.
• Photosynthesis occurs in plants only. They capture light energy and converts them to chemical energy. This process is, we take CO2 molecule and convert to organic energy using light energy.
• Animals need cellular respiration to move things around, transportation and maintain order and for growth and replacement.
• ATP is a energy carrier molecule and helps us to control and manage energy.
• 1 phosphate group is 'removed', it associates with the release of energy. The energy can be put towards fr different processes important fro the cell.
• Energy requirement is important for mechanical work to move things around.
• ATP is important to make new materials for growth and replacement.
• ATP is important for transport to transport molecules across the membrane.
• ATP is important for maintaining order, to make sure it is organised.
• C6H12O6 is glucose packed with energy
• CO2 is carbon dioxide in low energy form.
• The two compartments for respiration is the matrix (centre) and inner membrane (lipid bilayers).
• The mitochondrion is an organelle where cellular respiration occurs in. It is 1-10 nm long and has 1-1000 per cell, containing 2 membranes.
• The mitochondrion contains two membranes called the inner and outer membrane
• Both membranes contain DNA and RNA ribosomes.
• The Intermembrane is functional for space between the inner and outer membrane.
• The cristae are folds within the inner membrane that increase surface area for electron transport chain reactions.
• The cytoplasm is the initial point of cellular respiration, where sugar is converted into pyruvate and is generated to 2+ ATP. This also generates into NAPH as electrons are transferred to a high energy carrier.
• The mitochondrial matrix is when we remove the pyruvate from the cytosol across the inner and outer membrane to be converted into Acytol CoA.
• Acytol CoA generates jigh energy then goes into citric acid cycle and produces more ATP and NADPH turns into FADH2+
• Cellular Respiration: Stage 1 - Glycolysis 


  In the cytosol, glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate molecules (2x3 C molecules). This generates 2ATP, an energy carrier and electrons are transferred to a high energy carrier NAD+ making NADH.
• Cellular respiration: Stage 2 - Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric acid Cycle 


  In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. Output is energy carrier ATP and high electron carriers is NADH and FADH
• Cellular Respiration: Stage 3 - Part 1

  Electron carriers shuttle high energy electrons to the inner mitochondrial membrane. These electrons move through protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane. A the electrons move, protons (H+) are pumped across the membrane.
• Stage 3: Part 1 - A proton gradient is generated


  Protons (H+) accumulate in the intermembrane space, making a proton concentration different on either side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, this is important for the compartments of the mitochondrion.
• Part 2: Chemiosmosis

  The inner mitochondrial membrane contains the protein complex: ATP Synthase. This complex spans the membrane from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. The proton gradient across the inner membrane powers ATP synthase.
• Part 2: Chemiosmosis

  ATP synthase converts:

  ADP + Pi -> ATP