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Bone & Mechanics 1-6
Divisions of the skeleton
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What are the 2 divisions of the skeleton?
Axial
Appendicular
The
axial
skeleton is made up of the
skull
,
vertebral
column
,
ribcage
,
sternum
,
hyoid
bone. They also protect the
vital
organs.
The skull is part of the
superior
part of the body, which contains the
cranium
and
facial
bones.
The
cranium
encloses the
brain
, which allows the
facial bones
to attach.
The
facial
bones protect and support
facial
organs.
The
verterbral
column
is part of the
axial
skeleton, whcih allows the person to
stand
up
right.
contains
ligaments
and
muscle
movements
supports the
head
have
4
divisions:
cervical
,
lumbar
,
thoracic
,
saccrum
The
ribcage
contains the
sternum
and
ribs.
This is to protect the
front.
ribs
contain
12
on each side and
joins
onto the
sternum
, which are the top
10
ribs that attach to the
cartilage.
The
appendicular
skeleton is the skeleton of the
upper
and
lower
limbs.
The structure of the limbs contain:
single
,
large
,
long
bone, which is the
humerus
and
femur
has 2
distal
bones, which are
long
and
thinner
The
ulna
and
radius
are
superior
,
mobile
and
weight
bearing.
The
tibia
and
fibula
are
inferior
,
immobile
and
non-weight
bearing.
Bipedalism
is the ability to walk on two legs using
2 limbs
, which are the
upper
limb and
lower
limb.
The
upper limb
in
bipedalism
does not need
stability
because it is adapted to
manipulated
objects and
precise
movements.
The
lower limb
needs more
stability
due to its role as a
support
base when
walking
or
running.
The hands do not need
stability
because it is not involved with
locomotion.
Structure of hands:
Carpals
(
8
) -
short
bones
Metacarpals
(
5
) -
long
bones
Phalanges
(
14
) -
2
in
thumb
The humerus is
lighter
and is not responsible for
long strides
and for not taking
weight
as it is not
stable
, therefore less
articulation.
The
femur
is more
deeper
in
articulation
and is for
long strides
and more
stable.
Pronation
and
supernation
occur when we move our
forearms
and
wrists.
They have a
wide
surface area to move the wrist, which allows for
rotation.
Supination
occurs when the palm faces
upwards
while
pronation
occurs when the palm faces
downwards.
The
ankle
joint is
stable
, the
tibia
is
robust
(weight bearing).
The limbs attach to the
axial
skeleton by the
pectoral girdle
, which contains the
clavicle
and
scapula.
The
clavicle stabilises
for the shoulder blade as it keeps it in the
right
position.
The
Scapula
is
free moving
and does the
muscle attachment
and
joins
the upper
limb.
The
lower limb
also attaches using the pelvic
girdle
, containing the
hip
bone,
saccrum
and are
weight bearing.
The hip bone contains:
illium
pubis
ischium
And
fuse together
to form the
hip bone.
Female pelvis is
bigger
because they have potential to make
birth
and
maximise
their space for that.
more
circular
outlet is more
open