ARTHROPODA

• Arthropoda's have a segmented bodies organized into distinct regions.
• Cephalothorax : Fused thorax and head
• arthropoda's movement : jointed appendages
• arthropoda's protection : exoskeleton is made up of chitin
• The skeleton of arthropoda is covered by thick hard chitinous cuticles secreted by the epidermis.
• DIGESTION of arthropoda : Complete – mouth & anus with special organs
• RESPIRATION (arthropoda):

  ❑Employ a variety of respiratory organs including gills, tracheae, book lungs, and spiracles, depending on the species.

  ❑These structures facilitate gas exchange with the environment.
• CIRCULATION (arthropoda):

  ❑ Open Circulatory System

  ❑ Hemolymph is pumped into cavities called hemocoels, bathing the internal organs directly.
• SENSORY (arthropoda)

  ❑Have a well developed nervous system, typically consisting of a dorsal brain connected to a ventral nerve cord.
• Ventral Nerve Cord:

  • coordinates neural signaling from the brain to the body.
  • integrates the sensory input and locomotor output.
• Segmental Ganglia : provide nerves to the appendages, dorsal muscles, sense organs, and heart.
• SENSORY (arthropoda)

  ❑They possess sensory organs such as compound eyes, antennae, and chemoreceptors.
• Antenna : A pair of sense organs located near the front of an insect's head capsule. To feel the surface of an object, sense hot and cold, listen to sounds or detect the movement of air or wind.
• tympanum : Vibrates in response to sound, such as the song of a male stridulating to attract a female.
• eye : Allows them to spot very fast movements and see in a wide angle all around their bodies.
• EXCRETION (arthropoda)

  ❑Malpighian tubules remove nitrogenous waste products, primarily ammonia, uric acid, and urea, from the hemolymph.

  ❑Maintain water and ion balance in the arthropod's body.
• Malpighian tubules : remove nitrogenous waste products, primarily ammonia, uric acid, and urea, from the hemolymph.
• REPRODUCTION (arthropoda)

  ❑ OVIPOSITOR : A tubular structure that is used for laying eggs. The ovipositor is attached to the abdomen of insects and the eggs pass down the tube.

  ❑ CERCUS : Serve as sensory organs, but some serve as pinching weapons or as organs of copulation.
• OVIPOSITOR : A tubular structure that is used for laying eggs. The ovipositor is attached to the abdomen of insects and the eggs pass down the tube.
• CERCUS : Serve as sensory organs, but some serve as pinching weapons or as organs of copulation.
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION : COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS

  ❑Has four phases: Egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

  ❑Insects are very active (and hungry) during their larva phase.

  ❑The insect is inactive during the pupa phase.

  ❑Insects cannot reproduce until their adult phase.
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION : INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS

  ❑Has three phases: Egg, nymph (larva), adult.

  ❑Sometimes, the only difference between the nymph and adult is that adults have wings.

  ❑Nymphs are active and grow slowly.

  ❑Insects can reproduce before reaching adulthood.
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION :

  • HERMAPHRODITIC
  • COMPLETE/INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS