Geographical themes

• How is natural increase measured?

  Birth rate minus death rate
• Define demographic momentum

  Fertility rate is falling but population is still growing, due to many women being at childbearing age
• Define carrying capacity

  The optimum number of people that the resources on a planet can provide for
• 3 economic factors affecting birth rate

  Child labour, pensions, cost of pregnancy
• 3 social factors affecting birth rate

  Religion, women's education , marriage
• 7 political factors affecting birth rate

  Marriage age, contraception, education, religion, jobs, cost, government policies
• 7 factors affecting death rate

  Diet, healthcare, war, water access, sanitation, life expectancy, vaccines
• Define a pro-natalist policy

  A government policy whereby rules and reinforcements aim to tackle underpopulation by promoting multiple child families
• Define an anti-natalist policy

  A government policy whereby rules and reinforcements aim to tackle overpopulation by promoting one child families
• 5 causes of overpopulation

  High: natural increase, natural disasters, political unrest

  Low: development, education
• 6 consequences of overpopulation

  Unemployment, overcrowding, poverty, out migration, starvation, civil unrest
• 4 causes of underpopulation

  Natural disasters, poor climate, limited resources, infertile land
• 3 consequences of underpopulation

  High wages, employment, in migration
• What does the demographic transition model show

  How a country's population changes with economic development
• Name a country in Stage 3 of DTM

  Brazil
• Name a country in stage 2 of DTM

  Kenya
• Name a country in stage 4 of DTM

  UK
• Name a country in stage 5 of DTM


  Japan
• What are the names of the DTM stages

  1 - High stationary

  2 - Early expanding

  3 - Late expanding

  4 - Low stationary

  5 - Declining
• 5 factors affecting fertility rate

  Government incentives, demographic, education, sanitation, contraceptives
• 10 push factors

  War and conflict / high poverty rate / low literacy rate / low school leaving age / low education / limited healthcare / low wages / high crime rate / lacking transport links
• 11 pull factors

  High literacy rate / high school leaving age / access to education / access to healthcare / leisure activities / high wages / career opportunities / low crime rate / good transport links / available housing
• Define population pyramids

  Diagrams to show how a population is divided per cohort, and separated by gender
• What age are the economically active?

  16 to 60
• What age are the dependent?

  0 to 15, 60 +
• Name the 4 population pyramid shapes

  Concave, straight sided, arch shaped, cone shaped
• Describe concave pyramids

  Poorest tribes

  High BR and DR

  Cohorts are largest at 0 - 4, smallest at 60 +

  None making it to 60 +
• Describe straight sided pyramids

  LICS

  High BR, falling DR

  Cohorts are larger at 0

  A few more making it to 60 +
• Describe arch shaped pyramids

  HICS

  Low BR and DR

  Cohorts 0 to 60 are even

  Decreasing at 60 +
• Why would a settlement near a bridge be useful?

  Easy to cross river
• Why would a settlement near a valley be useful?

  People pass through, trade opportunities
• Why would a settlement near a hilltop be useful?

  Advantage for defence
• Why would a settlement near a forest be useful?

  Wood for burning, building shelter, cooking
• Linear settlement pattern

  Dwellings are spread in a straight line
• Why do builders choose linear settlement pattern?

  Physical restrictions - must build around a river/valley

  Along transport routes/coastlines
• Why do builders choose nucleated settlement patterns?

  Started out as market towns, near springs, village green
• Nucleated settlement patterns

  Dwellings are bunched close together, around a nucleus
• Most expensive land area of a city?

  C B D
• Which model of land is based on 1920 Chicago?

  Burgess concentric circle model
• Whats the inside most layer of the BCCM ?

  CBD central business district