Chem EoY

• Chemical Reaction


  the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances
• Polyatomic Ions


  Ions that contain one or more atoms and do not break apart during chemical reactions
• Ionic Substances


  contain metal and non-metal atoms
• Covalent Substances


  contains only non-metal atoms
• State Symbols


  solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), and aqueous (aq)
• Acid


  something that produces hydrogen ions
• Atoms


  Building blocks of matter
• Nucleus


  The home of neutrons and protons
• Electrons


  negatively charged particles
• Protons


  positively charged particles
• Neutrons


  neutrally charged particles
• Isotope


  atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
• Groups


  vertical columns on the periodic table 1-18
• Periods


  horizontal rows on the periodic table 1-7
• Excited Electrons


  when electrons receive energy then briefly jump to a higher energy level
• Physical Change


  no new substance is formed
• Chemical Change


  new substances formed
• Types of Chemical Changes

  decomposition, thermal decomposition, composition/combination, single displacement, double displacement, precipitation, neutralisation, acid + metal, combustion, respiration, corrosion
• Decomposition


  a single reactant breaks down into multiple products

  AB > A + B
• Thermal Decomposition


  a decomposition which only occurs when heat is supplied 2NaN(3) > (heat) > 2Na + N(3)
• Composition/Combination


  two reactants combine to form a single product

  A + B > AB
• Single Displacement


  where one element is replaced by another in a compound

  A + BC > AC + B
• Double Displacement


  where to soluble compounds are mixed together so the ions can form new compounds

  AB + CD > AD + CB
• Soluble


  capable of being dissolved
• Insoluble


  incapable of being dissolved
• Precipitation


  two soluble reactants combine to form one soluble product

  A + B (aq) + CD (aq) > AD (aq) + CB (aq)
• Neutralisation


  an acid reacts with a base

  acid + base > salt + H(2)O

  acid + carbonate > salt + CO(2) + H(2)O
• Acid + Metal


  acid + metal > salt + hydrogen gas
• Salt


  an ionic compound formed when a positively charged ion is bonded to a negatively charged ion
• Ion


  a charged atom
• Combustion


  A substance burns in oxygen to form light and heat

  magnesium + oxygen > magnesium oxide
• Exothermic


  a chemical reaction in which energy is given off to form heat
• Endothermic


  a chemical reaction which absorbs heat
• Respiration


  occurs in cells of living things

  glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water
• Corrosion


  metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides causing rust

  metal + oxygen > metal oxide
• Where is Chemical Energy Stored?

  in the bonds between atoms
• Why is Energy Needed?

  to break chemical bonds
• When is Energy Released?

  when chemical bonds are formed
• Activation Energy


  the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
• The 5 Factors Which Can Effects the Rate of Reaction

  temperature, concentration, surface area, agitation, catalyst