Pathology

• Vulva

  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Basal Cell Carcinoma, Melanoma and Sarcoma are possible but rare
  • Usually papilliferous or ulcerative on the medial edge of the Labium Majorum
  • Can occur bi-laterally
• Ovarian

  -90% epithelial cell:

  • Serous 30 - 70% (5-year survival 20 - 30%)
  • Endometrioid 10 - 20% (5-year survival 40 - 69%)
  • Mucinous 35 - 50% (5-year survival 5 - 20%)
  • Clear cell 3 - 10% (5year survival 11 - 20%)

  -Germ Cell - mostly benign teratoma

  -Rate:

  • Granulosa Cell (oestrogen secreting) and Sertoli cell (androgen) secreting - derived from gonodal stroma
• Endometrial

  • Development in uterine cavity - polypoid
  • Development in endometrium - diffuse and multifocal
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Sarcomas - rare
• Cervix

  • Development at the cervix - ploferative growth with surface ulceration
  • Development in the endocervical canal - diffusely infiltrating, mucosa intact
  • Majority are squamous cell

  BUT

  • Adenocarcinoma arising from the external or endocervix is increasing, predominantly in younger women
• Testis

  • Germ cell tumours, two types:

  -Seminoma

  -Teratoma

  • Teratomas subtyped according to origin cell:

  -Teratoma differentiated

  -Malignant teratoma intermediate

  -Malignant teratoma undifferentiated

  -Malignant teratoma trophoblastic
• Penis

  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Prostate

  • Over 95% of diagnoses are adenocarcinomas

  -70% arising from peripheral parts of the gland

  • Other rare types of prostate cancer:

  -Small Cell Carcinoma

  -Carcinosarcoma

  -Mucinous Adenocarcinoma

  -Ductal Carcinoma
• Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

  • From the basal layer
  • Cell of origin thought to be the basal cells of a hair follicle
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

  • Develops in the epidermis
  • The stratified squamous epithelium
  • Usually originates from keratinocytes - 90% of the cells in this layer
  • Other cells types present:

  -Melanocyte: 8%

  -Langerhans

  -Merkel
• Melanoma

  • Arises from melanocytes
  • Increases melanin production so dark in colour
  • Curable if detected early
  • The deeper it goes the more chance it has of spreading
  • Lymphatic spread due to dermal lymphatic system
  • Will go anywhere
• Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC)

  • Type of skin neuroendocrine cell
  • Involved with touch
  • Locally aggressive
  • Spreads to lymph nodes and distant sites
• Kaposi's

  • Predominantly HIV/AIDs related
  • Can occur in eastern Europeans and Africans
  • Also renal transplant patient on long term immunosuppressant's
  • Connected to HPV type 8
  • Derives from vascular epithelial cells of the skin
  • Can develop in extra cutaneous regions such as mouth and gastrointestinal tract
  • Can spread through lymph nodes to distant organs, liver and lung
  • Unlikely to kill them
• Bladder

  • 90% - Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)
  • 7% - Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
  • 3% - Adenocarcinoma
• Kidney

  Renal cell adenocarcinoma accounts for 80% of all renal diagnoses

  • Arises in renal tubules

  Other tumours:

  • Wilms' tumour (nephroblastoma)
  • Transitional cell carcinoma