ac3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control

• tactics and measures used by agencies

  environmental/ by design, behavioural tactics, institutional tactics, gaps in states provision
• Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)


  theorised by C.Ray Jeffrey

  ideas that crime results partly from opportunities presented by the physical environment
• environmental design


  gated lanes

  creating open spaces

  lack of hiding places

  low-level bushes

  street lights
• brown and altman


  found that physical modifications suggested resident care and watchfulness help to promote safer residential settings- links to functionalism- positive boundary maintenance achieved
• panopticon


  a circular prison with cells arranged around a central well, from which prisoners could at all times be observed- without them knowing

  designed by Jeremy Bentham
• indefensible spaces


  Where crime is more likely to occur, such as walkways and stairwells, cared for by no-one
• defensible spaces


  Areas where there are clear boundaries so it is obvious who has the right to be there. Low crime rates
• Territoriality


  gives idea that there is ownership amongst residents e.g cul de sacs, neighbourhood watch
• positive image


  spaces that are 'posh' areas, new builds, mansions, private homes
• negative image


  spaces such as council homes, typically unsafe
• damiola Taylor


  died/murdered in indefensible space- concrete stairwell in condemned housing estate
• strengths of CPTED


  promotes sense of ownership

  research proves that higher crime rate in cities with high rise blocks (negative images, indefensible spaces) than those in low level buildings (positive image, defensible spaces)
• weaknesses of CPTED


  displaces crime elsewhere

  doesn't explain 'inside' crimes

  people still commit crime in areas with positive images
• Sidebottom et al


  did 43 studies on lane gating

  showed that lane gating acts as:

  physical barrier, increase surveillance, reduced reward for crime, deterrence
• belmarsh prison


  high level security prison in South East london

  category A- holds most severe prisoners
• American supermax jails


  most secure levels of custody in America

  objective is to provide long term, segregated housing for prisoners who represent highest security risks

  e.g USP Florence ADX
• behavioural tactics


  Tactics used by agencies to change a person's behaviour

  Anti social behavioural order

  Crime behaviour order

  Token economy
• anti social behaviour order (ASBO)


  court order that can be obtained by local authorities in order to restrict the behaviour of a person likely to cause harm to public

  introduced in 1998
• crime behaviour order (CBO)

  order that tackles the most serious and persistent anti-social individuals

  replaced ASBOs

  for people who have committed harassment, distress
• token economy


  based on behaviour modification

  rewarding positive behaviour by use of tokens

  tokens exchanged for privileges
• hobbs and holt


  found that token economy was effective long term
• skinner


  operant conditioning- idea is that if a particular behaviour results in a reward, it is likely to be repeated.

  links to token economy
• institutional tactics


  agents of social control have their own ways in tackling social control

  e.g prison rules, school detention, law society rules
• prison rules


  behaving in a way that could offend, threaten, hurt someone else

  causing damage to prison

  not doing what staff tell you to do
• gaps in state provision

  
  

  dark figure of crime/ unreported crime

  budget cuts/ lack of funding

  technology

  social media
• technology


  increasing amounts of this can consume much of criminal investigation - take amount of time to present to jury
• punishment if prison rules are broken

  • privileges taken away for up to 42 hours
  • cellular confinement for up to 35 days
• law society rules

  example of institutional tactics

  can remove solicitors from Roll of Solicitors and prevent them from practising
• general medical council 


  example of institutional tactics

  can punish doctors by disqualifying them from the medical profession
• CCTV


  Closed-circuit television

  key surveillance tool

  provides images to help secure conviction

  cameras can be disguised so offenders are unaware they are being filmed

  demonstrate innocence

  e.g London riots