SEM401: Basic Kinesiology

• Kinesiology


  The study of movement
• Biomechanics


  The application of mechanics to the human body
• Types of biomechanics

  • Statics
  • Dynamics
• Statics

  Dealing with bodies at rest or in uniform motion, where quantities do not change from initiation to termination
• Dynamics

  Dealing with bodies that either accelerate or decelerate, where there is a change in quantity (velocity, speed)
• Kinetics


  The study of forces acting on the body
• Types of forces acting on the body (GMEF)

  • Gravity
  • Muscle
  • Externally applied resistance
  • Friction
• Kinematics


  The study of motion regardless of force
• Types of kinematics


  • Osteokinematics (bone movement)
  • Arthrokinematics (joint movement)
• Osteokinematics


  Reference of the movement is from the shaft or bone (e.g. flexion, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, external rotation, protrusion of jaw, depression, elevation)

  
• Arthrokinematics


  Reference of the movement is in between the joint surfaces (e.g. rolling, gliding, spinning)
• Kinematic chain


  Union of successive segments that create an action or a function
• Types of kinematic chains

  • Open kinematic chain (proximal is fixed, distal is moving)
  • Closed kinematic chain (proximal is moving, distal is fixed)
• Anatomical position


  Reference for cardinal planes, standing erect with head in midline, arms slightly abducted, forearms supinated, fingers extended, feet apart, toes extended
• Cardinal planes


  • Frontal plane
  • Sagittal plane
  • Transverse plane
• Frontal plane


  Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts, parallel to the coronal suture, axis is Z axis (e.g. adduction, abduction of shoulder, thumb flexion extension, ulnar radial deviation, cervical lateral flexion, pronation, supination)
• Sagittal plane


  Divides the body into right and left, medial and lateral, axis is X axis (e.g. flexion and extension, thumb abduction adduction)
• Transverse plane


  Divides the body into superior and inferior, axis is Y axis (e.g. shoulder rotation, internal rotation, external rotation)
• Classification of joints


  • Synarthrosis (immobile to slightly mobile)
  • Amphiarthrosis (slightly mobile or movable)
  • Diarthrosis (freely movable)
• Types of uniaxial joints

  • Hinge joints (e.g. elbow joint, humeroulnar/humeroradial)
  • Pivot joints (e.g. radioulnar joint, atlanto-axial joint)
• Types of biaxial joints

  • Saddle (e.g. thumb, sternoclavicular joint)
  • Condyloid (e.g. MCP, atlanto-occipital joint)
  • Ellipsoid (e.g. wrist joint)
• Multiaxial joints


  Ball and socket (e.g. glenohumeral)
• Types of arthrokinematics


  • Rolling
  • Sliding
  • Spinning
• Positioning of joints

  • Open pack (resting position, joint capsule and ligaments are slack)
  • Close pack (joint capsule and ligaments are taut, joint is in maximal congruency)
• Levers


  Simple machines composed of a rigid bar and an axis
• Types of levers


  • Class 1 (balance, stability)
  • Class 2 (power)
  • Class 3 (speed)

  
• Mechanical advantage


  Ratio between the force and the weight, MA = F/W, MA = W/F, MA can be >1, =1, or <1
• SCALP

  • Skin: hair follicles and sebaceous glands
  • Connective tissue: major arteries and veins
  • Aponeurosis with occipitofrontalis muscle (occupitalis and frontalis muscles are located far away from each other = connected by galeoaponeurotica)
  • Loose areolar tissue: emissary veins (dangerous layer)
  • Periosteum (pericranium): nutrition of the scalp, deepest and topmost layer
• Skull has an upper vault and lower base, part of the axial skeleton (80 bones) while the appendicular skeleton has 126 bones

  
• Bones of the axial skeleton

  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • Hyoid
  • Ribcage
  • Ear ossicles

  
• Cranial bones (8)


  • Parietal (2)
  • Temporal (2)
  • Frontal (1)
  • Occipital (1)
  • Ethmoid (1)
  • Sphenoid (1)

  
• Facial bones (14)


  • Nasal (2)
  • Inferior nasal conchae (2)
  • Lacrimal (2)
  • Palatine (2)
  • Zygomatic (2)
  • Vomer (1)
  • Maxilla (2)
  • Mandible (1)

  
• Sutures


  • Coronal suture
  • Sagittal suture
  • Lambdoidal suture
  • Squamosal suture
• Neonatal skull features


  • Anterior fontanel
  • Posterior fontanel
  • Bregma
  • Lambda

  
• Muscles of the face (innervated by cranial nerve 7)

  • Occipitofrontalis
  • Corrugator supercili
  • Procerus
  • Zygomaticus major
  • Zygomatics minor
  • Mentalis
  • Orbicularis oris
  • Buccinator
  • Risorius
  • Platysma
• Extraocular muscles


  • Superior rectus
  • Inferior rectus
  • Medial rectus
  • Lateral rectus
  • Superior oblique
  • Inferior oblique
• TMJ


  Diarthrodial type of joint with synovial capsule and fluid, modified hinge joint with translatory movement in the upper joint and rotatory movement in the lower joint
• TMJ arthrokinematics


  • Depression
  • Elevation
  • Protrusion
  • Retrusion
  • Lateral deviation/Excursion
• Muscles of the TMJ

  • Temporalis
  • Internal pterygoid
  • Masseter
  • External pterygoid