ch1

Cards (91)

  • Four components involved in the design, production, and utilization of materials
    • Processing
    • Structure
    • Properties
    • Performance
  • Three primary classifications of solid materials
    • Distinctive chemical feature of each
  • Four types of advanced materials
    • Distinctive feature(s) of each
  • Smart material/system
    Brief definition
  • Nanotechnology as it applies to materials
    Brief explanation of the concept
  • Without materials our existence would be much like that of our Stone Age ancestors
  • Early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age)
  • The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of naturally occurring materials
  • With time, techniques were discovered for producing materials with properties superior to natural ones, including pottery and various metals
  • It was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances
  • Materials utilization was initially a selection process from a limited set of materials
  • Scientists have come to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties over the past 100 years
  • This knowledge has empowered scientists to fashion the characteristics of materials, leading to the development of tens of thousands of different materials
  • The development of many technologies has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials
  • Advancements in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology
  • Automobiles would not have been possible without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute
  • Sophisticated electronic devices rely on components made from semiconducting materials
  • Materials science
    Investigating the relationships between the structures and properties of materials
  • Materials engineering
    Designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties
  • Most graduates in materials programs are trained to be both materials scientists and materials engineers
  • Structural elements classified by size
    • Subatomic structure
    • Atomic structure
    • Nanostructure
    • Microstructure
    • Macrostructure
  • Six different categories of virtually all important properties of solid materials
    • Mechanical
    • Electrical
    • Thermal
    • Magnetic
    • Optical
    • Deteriorative
  • Mechanical properties
    Relate deformation to an applied load or force
  • Electrical properties
    Responses to an applied electric field
  • Thermal properties
    Related to changes in temperature or temperature gradients
  • Magnetic properties
    Responses to the application of a magnetic field
  • Optical properties

    Responses to electromagnetic or light radiation
  • Deteriorative characteristics

    Relate to the chemical reactivity of materials
  • Structure depends on how a material is processed, and a material's performance is a function of its properties
  • The interrelationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials is the central paradigm of materials science and engineering
  • The materials paradigm describes the protocol for selecting and designing materials for specific applications
  • Prior to the materials paradigm, the materials science/engineering approach was to design components and systems using the existing palette of materials
  • The properties and phenomena associated with a material are intimately related to its composition and structure at all levels
  • An engineer must characterize the in-service conditions to determine the required material properties
  • An engineer must consider potential deterioration of material properties during service operation
  • The overriding consideration in material selection is economics - the cost of the finished product
  • Familiarity with materials characteristics, structure-property relationships, and processing techniques helps engineers make judicious materials choices
  • Processing
    The way a material is made
  • Structure
    The arrangement of atoms and molecules in a material
  • Properties
    The characteristics of a material