fat soluble vitamins

• Vitamin A is stored as retinol esters in the liver.
• RA can be converted back into retinol or further oxidized to retinoic acid derivatives such as 4-oxo-retinoic acid (4OH-RA).
• The metabolism of Vitamin A involves oxidation to retinaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase, followed by reduction to RA by aldehyde reductase.
• Retinoic acid (RA) is an active form of Vitamin A that regulates gene expression, cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis.
• The metabolism of RA involves oxidative degradation by cytochrome P450 enzymes to produce retinaldehyde, which can be reduced back to retinol or further oxidized to retinoic acid.
• Retinoic acid (RA) is an active form of Vitamin A that regulates gene expression, cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and immune function.