PBIO

    Cards (97)

    • Proteins
      Characteristics of proteins
    • Amino Acids
      The Building Blocks for Proteins
    • Amino Acid
      Organic compound that contains both an amino (-NH2) group and a carboxyl (-COOH) group attached to the same carbon atom
    • R=Side Chain
      Vary in size, shape, charge, acidity, functional groups present, hydrogen-bonding ability, and chemical reactivity
    • Standard Amino Acids
      • Non-Polar
      • Polar Neutral
      • Polar Acidic
      • Polar Basic
    • Non-Polar Amino Acids
      1. groups are non-polar, hydrophobic ("water-fearing"), insoluble in water, located in the interior of protein where there is no polarity
    • Polar Amino Acids
      1. groups are polar, includes Polar Neutral, Polar Acidic, and Polar Basic
    • Polar Neutral Amino Acids
      Contains polar but neutral side chains
    • Polar Acidic Amino Acids
      Contains carboxyl group as part of the side chains
    • Polar Basic Amino Acids

      Contains amino group as part of the side chain
    • Nomenclature
      Common names, Three letter abbreviations, One-letter-symbols
    • Polar Neutral Amino Acids
      • Serine
      • Cysteine
      • Threonine
      • Asparagine
      • Glutamine
      • Tyrosine
    • Polar Acidic Amino Acids
      • Aspartic Acid
      • Glutamic Acid
    • Polar Basic Amino Acids
      • Histidine
      • Lysine
      • Arginine
    • Essential Amino Acids
      Amino acids needed for protein synthesis that must be obtained from dietary sources
    • Complete Dietary Protein
      Protein that contains all the essential amino acids in approximately the same relative amounts in which the human body needs them
    • Incomplete Dietary Protein
      Protein that does not contain adequate amounts, relative to the body's needs, of one or more of the essential amino acids
    • Limiting Amino Acid (LAA)

      The essential amino acid present in the lowest amount relative to the body's needs
    • Complementary Dietary Proteins
      Two or more incomplete dietary proteins that, when combined, provide an adequate amount of essential amino acids relative to the body's needs
    • Chirality and Amino Acids
      19 of the 20 standard amino acids contain a chiral center, exhibiting enantiomeric forms (left- and right-handed forms)
    • Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids
      Amino acids exist as Zwitterions, with positive and negative charges on the same molecule, and can exist in different species depending on pH
    • Cysteine
      The only standard amino acid that has a side chain containing a sulfhydryl group (-SH), which allows it to form disulfide bonds
    • Aliphatic Amino Acids
      • Glycine
      • Alanine
      • Valine
      • Leucine
      • Isoleucine
    • Amino Acids with Alcohol
      • Serine
      • Threonine
    • Amino Acids with Additional Acidic Group
      • Aspartic Acid
      • Glutamine
    • Basic Amino Acids
      • Lysine
      • Arginine
      • Histidine
    • Sulfur-containing amino acids are important in forming disulfide linkages
    • Cysteine
      Readily dimerizes in the presence of mild oxidizing agents to form a cystine molecule
    • Cystine
      Two cysteine residues linked via a covalent disulfide bond
    • Aliphatic amino acids
      • Glycine (Gly)
      • Alanine (Ala)
      • Valine (Val)
      • Leucine (Leu)
      • Isoleucine (Ile)
    • Amino acids with alcohol
      • Serine (Ser)
      • Threonine (Thr)
    • Amino acids with additional acidic group
      • Aspartic acid (Asp)
      • Glutamine (Gln)
    • Basic amino acids
      • Lysine (Lys)
      • Arginine (Arg)
      • Histidine (His)
    • Sulfur-containing amino acids
      • Cysteine (Cys, H)
      • Cystine (Cys-Cys)
      • Methionine (Met)
    • Aromatic amino acids
      • Phenylalanine (Phe)
      • Tyrosine (Tyr)
      • Tryptophan (Trp)
    • Secondary amino acids
      • Proline (Pro)
      • Hydroxyproline (Hypro)
    • Peptide
      Unbranched chain of covalently-linked amino acids
    • Dipeptide
      Bond between two amino acids
    • Oligopeptide
      Bond between 10-20 amino acids
    • Polypeptide
      Bond between a large number of amino acids
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