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Cards (97)
Proteins
Characteristics of
proteins
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Amino Acids
The
Building Blocks
for
Proteins
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Amino Acid
Organic compound that contains both an amino (
-NH2
) group and a carboxyl (-COOH) group attached to the
same
carbon atom
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R=Side Chain
Vary in size, shape,
charge
, acidity, functional groups present,
hydrogen-bonding
ability, and chemical reactivity
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Standard Amino Acids
Non-Polar
Polar
Neutral
Polar
Acidic
Polar
Basic
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Non-Polar Amino Acids
groups are
non-polar
, hydrophobic ("water-fearing"), insoluble in water, located in the interior of
protein
where there is no polarity
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Polar Amino Acids
groups are
polar
, includes Polar
Neutral
, Polar Acidic, and Polar Basic
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Polar Neutral Amino Acids
Contains
polar
but
neutral
side chains
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Polar Acidic Amino Acids
Contains
carboxyl
group as part of the side chains
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Polar
Basic
Amino
Acids
Contains
amino
group as part of the
side
chain
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Nomenclature
Common names,
Three
letter abbreviations,
One-letter-symbols
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Polar Neutral Amino Acids
Serine
Cysteine
Threonine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Tyrosine
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Polar Acidic Amino Acids
Aspartic
Acid
Glutamic
Acid
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Polar Basic Amino Acids
Histidine
Lysine
Arginine
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Essential Amino Acids
Amino acids needed for
protein synthesis
that must be obtained from
dietary
sources
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Complete Dietary Protein
Protein that contains all the essential amino acids in approximately the
same
relative amounts in which the human body needs them
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Incomplete Dietary Protein
Protein that does not contain adequate amounts, relative to the body's
needs
, of one or more of the
essential amino acids
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Limiting Amino Acid
(
LAA
)
The essential amino acid present in the
lowest
amount relative to the body's
needs
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Complementary Dietary Proteins
Two or more
incomplete dietary proteins
that, when combined, provide an adequate amount of essential amino acids relative to the body's
needs
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Chirality and Amino Acids
19
of the 20 standard amino acids contain a chiral center, exhibiting
enantiomeric
forms (left- and right-handed forms)
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Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids
Amino acids exist as
Zwitterions
, with positive and negative charges on the
same
molecule, and can exist in different species depending on pH
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Cysteine
The only standard amino acid that has a
side chain
containing a
sulfhydryl
group (-SH), which allows it to form disulfide bonds
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Aliphatic Amino Acids
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
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Amino Acids with Alcohol
Serine
Threonine
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Amino Acids with Additional Acidic Group
Aspartic
Acid
Glutamine
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Basic Amino Acids
Lysine
Arginine
Histidine
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Sulfur-containing
amino acids are important in forming
disulfide
linkages
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Cysteine
Readily dimerizes in the presence of mild
oxidizing
agents to form a
cystine
molecule
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Cystine
Two cysteine residues linked via a
covalent disulfide
bond
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Aliphatic amino acids
Glycine
(Gly)
Alanine
(Ala)
Valine
(Val)
Leucine
(Leu)
Isoleucine
(Ile)
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Amino acids with alcohol
Serine
(Ser)
Threonine
(Thr)
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Amino acids with additional acidic group
Aspartic
acid (Asp)
Glutamine
(Gln)
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Basic amino acids
Lysine
(Lys)
Arginine
(Arg)
Histidine
(His)
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Sulfur-containing amino acids
Cysteine
(Cys, H)
Cystine
(Cys-Cys)
Methionine
(Met)
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Aromatic amino acids
Phenylalanine
(Phe)
Tyrosine
(Tyr)
Tryptophan
(Trp)
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Secondary amino acids
Proline
(Pro)
Hydroxyproline
(Hypro)
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Peptide
Unbranched
chain of
covalently-linked
amino acids
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Dipeptide
Bond
between
two amino acids
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Oligopeptide
Bond
between
10-20
amino acids
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Polypeptide
Bond
between a large number of
amino acids
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