genbio 1

• ENERGY TRANSFORMATION


  • ATP - ADP cycle
  • Photosynthesis
  • Respiration
• ORIGIN of LIFE and CELL THEORY

  • SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
  • DIVINE CREATION
  • PANS PERMIA
  • Cell Theory
• Living Things have movements, respiration, sensitivity, growth, physical response to stimuli, reproduction, and excretion
• Nothing is permanent except change - Heraclitus
• Peeing releases heat and causes muscle contractions
• Nutrition and sex prevent extinction
• Physiological needs of humans are food and water
• Cell


  Smallest entity that can function independently, smallest unit with life
• Cell


  • Cell membrane encloses the cell
  • Cytoplasm is the living part
  • DNA is the control center
  • Organelles are the cellular machinery
• Cell properties


  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • DNA
  • Organelles
• Plasma membrane


  Hydrophilic and hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer that regulates entry and exit of substances
• Plasma membrane components


  • Channels and transporters
  • Receptors
  • Glycoproteins
  • Enzymes
• Cell wall


  Extra coating found in plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria for protection and communication
• Cell wall materials


  • Cellulose
  • Chitin
  • Peptidoglycans
• Cytoskeleton


  • Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments that provide structure, movement, and organelle anchoring
• Cilia and Flagella


  Whip-like extensions that provide motility and movement
• Centrioles


  • Paired microtubular structures that organize spindle fibers during cell division
• Nucleus


  Control center containing DNA and nucleolus
• Endoplasmic Reticulum


  Network of interconnected membranes that help move substances within cells
• Golgi Apparatus


  Quality assurance and packaging center that modifies and ships molecules
• Lysosomes


  Digestive organelles that break down old cell parts and invaders
• Peroxisomes


  Specialized lysosomes that detoxify the cell
• Vacuoles


  Storage sacs more common in plant cells than animal cells
• Mitochondria


  Double membrane organelles that extract energy from glucose and store it as ATP
• Autotrophs are food generating, while heterotrophs need food
• Chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs are types of autotrophs
• ATP is the cellular energy of the cell
• Suicidal bags


  Contain digestive enzymes; help break down old cell parts and digest invaders
• Types of white blood cells

  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
• Lysosomes


  • Specialized organelles that detoxify and break down bacteria and fungi
  • More common in plant cells than animal cells
• Vacuoles


  Storage sacs that contain water, food, and waste
• Photosynthesis


  Converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using energy from sunlight
• Mitochondria


  • Have their own DNA
  • Bound by a double membrane
  • Extract energy from glucose through cellular respiration
• Chloroplasts


  • Capture solar energy
  • Contain chlorophyll (green pigment)
  • Also contain carotenoids (red-orange pigment) and xanthophylls (yellow pigment)
• Carolus Linnaeus is the father of taxonomy
• Domains of life


  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukaryote
• Prokaryotic cells


  • Have circular DNA and lack membrane-bound organelles
  • Have few internal structures like cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
• Shapes of prokaryotic cells

  • Cocci (spheres)
  • Bacilli (rods)
  • Spirilla (spirals)
• Eukaryotic cells


  Have a central nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Types of eukaryotic cells

  • Epithelial
  • Muscle
  • Nerve
  • Blood
  • Bone
  • Fat
  • Skin
  • Stem
  • Sex
  • Pancreatic
  • Cancer