INTEGRATION

• Tissue

  Group of cells that work together to perform a specific function
• Organ

  Structure made up of 2 or more kinds of tissue, organised so that the organ can perform more complex functions than the individual tissues
• System

  Group of organs arranged so they function together to perform more complex functions than the organ alone
• Major organ systems

  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
• No single body system functions entirely independently of other systems
• Organ systems are structurally and functionally interrelated and interdependent
• Homeostasis


  Balance, physiological parameters maintained within a predictable range, consistency of internal environment, dynamic process, almost all organs take part in homeostasis
• Homeostatic response

  Variable - receptor - effector
• Homeostatic development

  1. During childhood homeostatic functions become more effective and efficient

  2. Maximum efficiency and effectiveness during young adulthood

  3. In older age homeostasis gradually becomes less effective and efficient
• Systems working together

  • Respiratory and cardiovascular system - provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
  • Respiratory system and kidneys - maintain blood pH
  • Endocrine and nervous system - major regulators of hormones and homeostasis
  • Endocrine and circulatory system - circulate hormones
  • Urinary and endocrine systems - maintain water balance

  
• Regulation of water volume

  1. Digestive system - water intake

  2. Special senses - taste buds/smell - appetite

  3. Respiratory system - aerobic respiration produces water

  4. Endocrine system - hormones to control water regulation

  5. Circulatory system - transport hormones

  6. Nervous system - sensation of thirst and secretion of hormones

  7. Urinary system - remove water in urine
• Development is an ongoing process allowing for continuous change
• Development happens in childhood and early adulthood, improving the effectiveness of body systems
• After development, the ageing process starts, reducing the effectiveness of body systems
• Through either development or ageing there is a continuous process of modification and change
• Effects of ageing on the integumentary system

  • Changes in the skin - dry, thin, inelastic, increased wrinkling
  • Changes to the hair - thins, hair loss, pigmentation changes
• Effects of ageing on the skeletal system

  • Changes in bones - calcification, reduction in size, porous, lipping, curvature of spine
  • Changes in joints - degenerative joint diseases, osteoarthritis
• Negative effects of ageing on the skeletal system can be reduced with physical activity and good nutrition
• Effects of ageing on the nervous system

  • Reduction in nerve cells, slower transmission of nerve impulses, gradual decline in cognitive function, dementia, loss of memory and conscious thinking
• Effects of ageing on the special senses - eye

  • Gradual decline in performance and capacity, farsightedness, eye lens hardens and loses elasticity, cataract, glaucoma, retinal degeneration and detachment
• Effects of ageing on the special senses - ear

  • Loss of hair cells in the organ of Corti, eardrum and ossicles become more fixed, less able to transmit sound waves

  
• Effects of ageing on the special senses - smell and taste

  • Sense of smell and taste are reduced, taste buds become replaced by connective tissue, reduction in appetite
• Effects of ageing on the cardiovascular system

  • Atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, hypertension
• Effects of ageing on the respiratory system

  • Cartilage that connects ribs to sternum hardens/becomes calcified, harder for rib cage to expand and contract, respiratory efficiency decreases, muscle atrophy
• Effects of ageing on the urinary system

  • Number of nephrons decrease, less blood flow through the kidney, reduction in overall function and ability to produce urine, bladder has reduced muscle tone, decreased capacity and inability to empty completely