Cell biology

• Organisms


  Can be Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
• Plant and Animal Cells


  Have Similarities and Differences
• The differed parts of a on are called sales strahms.
• Plant celle usually have all the bits that animel olls have, plus a four cars nings that animal cells don't have


  • Rigid cell wall-made of celulose supports the call and strengthere a
  • Barminant vacuole-contains cells, weak solution of sugar and salts. "
  • Qiceplasts these are where photothe occurs, which make food for the plant (see page 57). They contain a gre substance called shioroghal, which absorbo the light needed for photosynthesis.
• Bacterial Cells


  Are Much Smaller
• • Bacterial cells don't have a 'true'
  • cles-instead they have
  • shgh siessler tried of QNA
  • that fouts hely in the cytoploom
  • They may so contain one or more
  • small rings of DNA called pid
• Cell structures


  become an estate agent...ives of
• • You could get asked to estimate the area of a subcellular structure in your exam. If you do, treat it as a
  • regalar shape. For example, if it's close to a rectangle, use the area formula "area-length width
• Cells are Studied Using Microscopes
• • ve
  • santace with
  • the years as fedeakgy and knowledge have inve
  • Lees and gender.snahess.
  • te Range of spen
  • neked of d to form
  • of peakon is the abaty to danb
  • se mesh greke things in prac.dated. Ra fetis
  • chorals. They slot use things like toss
• You Need to be Able to Use the Formula for Magnification

  • ng the ba
  • megrification a
• image size


  magnification real size
• • Remember the
  • 4 Compt the wit
  • your aniver
  • -5000 μm
  • -5 mm
• You Need to Know How to Work With Numbers in Standard Form

  • Becerrscopes can see such day objects, sometimes it's useful to write numbers in t
  • 2) This is where you charge wiry big or smell numbers with lots of zaros into something new g
  • 0.017 can be willen 17 x 10%
  • a) To do this you just need to
  • the decimalasit left or right.
  • 4) The number of places the decimal
  • point mews is then represented
  • bype of 10-this is
  • Assite if the decimal point's
  • moved to the jal and negative
  • if it's moved to the right
• • 1) The first number needs to be betwtes Lind 10 w be
  • decimal point needs to move after the 2
  • 2) Count how many places the decimal point han mod
  • -this is the power of 10. Don't forget the mina vign
  • because the decimal point has moved tight
• • Your resolution to revise should be increasing right now...
  • Keep an eye on the units for thus equation-if they're not the same, it just won't work.
• Topic 1-Cell Biology
• • M
  • 1510
  • (2)
• You Need to Prop

  • Adpata
  • www
  • 30 Uing the e
  • 4) Adop of
  • 5) Maceral
• Use a Light


  • To look at your pe
  • 1) Cp the d
  • 2) Select the l
  • e. the c
  • 3) Use the co
  • to just bal
  • 4) Lock down
  • move the
  • 6) Adjust the
  • glear in
  • 6) If you ne
  • to a high
• Draw You


  • 1) Drew wi
  • 2) Make an
  • availabl
  • 3) Your de
  • 4) If you
  • choule
  • 5) Reme
  • obser
  • that
  • 6) Lab
• • A ligh
  • If you can
• More on Microscopy


  ffy walking what napas de — ye have to k how to schody s
• You Need to Prepare Your Slide

  ship of de g
• • PRACTICAL
  • ifwd to look at a sperm (ng plane ránd cafe) sede a light merge,
  • How to prepare a side to vie
  • Apafmate to the riddle of a chance
  • Outipan and out who lovers the tears to pl
  • emmaltan free the bottom of seei
  • ing the fuses, phee the deeds into wear d
  • 4) Add a drop of jodice acts love soklon k
  • cell bay ng saker to fr
  • PeNALËS; (* Quare of the reaparent plastic or gain) on
  • t, and the over d
  • st on the side, ost to the water droplet. Thas ourful and kittens the p
• Use a Light Microscope to Look at Your Slide

  • to look at your prepared ades, you need to know how to use a light ope
  • 1rs
  • Cpe you've prepared to the sh
  • 2)
  • Beltestowed off
  • a. the one that produces the lowest magrification.
  • 3)
  • Use the arse andmant knob to move the stage up
  • to just below the objective lens.
  • 4) Look down the suice. Use the course adjustment
  • ve the stage downwards until the image is bly in focus
  • knob to
  • 5) Adjust the focus with the fe dustment knob,
  • agar image of what's on the side.
  • you get
  • 6) If you need to see the olde with greater magnification, swep
  • to a higher-powered objective lens and refocus
• Draw Your Observations Neatly with a Pencil


  • Drew what you see under the microscope using a pencil with a sharp point
  • 2) Make sure your drawing takes up at least half of the space
  • available and that it is drawn with clear, unbroken les
  • 3) Your drawing should not include any colouring or shading
  • 4) If you are drawing cells, the subcellular structures
  • should be drawn in proportion
  • 5) Remember to include a title of what you were
  • obearving and write down the magnification
  • that it was observed under.
  • 6) Label the important features of your drawing
  • nadee-
  • oheplea
• • You can work out
  • sunker of
  • vek out the a
  • 1
  • Onion Cls
  • algs-03 nm
  • Ang-110
  • the red sion all by counting the
  • of the angle June 128 You can
  • tion of your drawing veing this fema
  • magecation length of drawing of of sal length of o
  • So here, magndicaties 33 03
• • A light microscope is better than a heavy one...
  • If you can use a microscope, you're halfway to ruling the world. That's what I like to think, anyway.
• (1 mark)
• Cell Differentiation and Specialisation

  Calle 7 of ck the They have fetahchess to aut fair diffunt chan
• Cells Differentiate to Become Specialised

  • U he presby which a danges to bcese senished for is j
  • ange Paydee feet ser auctures and han into different
  • The als dan to cry of fasters-
  • Most down acres an organin dogs
  • In el as, the abity to drea
  • by
  • an early the afer Pey baccess spaciaion
  • Howe of plated
  • 4) The call but often
  • and
  • beef
  • as are mainly u
  • as ek or bleed cel
  • feyre called stes. There's more about on t
• You Need To Know These Examples of Specialised Cells

  • SPERM CELLS are specialed for REPRODUCTION
  • AERVE CELLB are specialised for RAPID SIGNALLING
  • MUSCLE CELLS are specialised for CONTRACTION
  • ROOT HAIR CELLS are specialised for absorbing WATER and MINERALS
  • PHLOEM and XYLEM CELLS are specialised for TRANSPORTING SUBSTANCES
• Tadpoles and tent pegs-cells are masters of disguise...
• You need to know how the structure of each of the cells on this page relates to its function. Lucky you
• Thank's mun
• Plants transport food substances from the leaves to growing parts of the plant through phloem tubes
• Topic 1-Cell Biology


  • Fige
  • Chromos
  • Meet
  • 2 Cheame
  • a) Ech ch
  • strok
  • 4) Roda
  • from P
  • The d
  • The Ce
  • Reds
  • 2) The
  • 3) Ma
  • 4) The
  • will
  • 5) You
• [1 mark]
• [2 mark