General

• Atom


  The smallest part of an element that can exist
• Element

  A substance of only one type of atom
• Compound

  Two or more elements combined chemically in fixed proportions which can be represented by formulae
• Compounds have different properties than their constituent elements
• Mixture

  Two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together
• Mixtures have the same chemical properties as their constituent materials
• Methods to separate mixtures

  • Filtration
  • Crystallisation
  • Simple distillation
  • Fractional distillation
  • Chromatography
• Separation methods for mixtures do not involve chemical reactions
• Simple distillation

  1. Liquid boils off and condenses in the condenser

  2. Thermometer reads the boiling point of the pure liquid
• Crystallisation/Evaporation

  1. Solution is heated until all the solvent evaporates

  2. Solids stay in the vessel

  3. Saturated solution is cooled to form crystals
• Fractional distillation

  1. Mixture is repeatedly condensed and vaporised in a fractionating column

  2. Liquids condense at different heights in the column
• Filtration

  1. Insoluble solid gets caught in the filter paper

  2. Filtrate is the substance that comes through the filter paper
• Chromatography

  1. Mixture is dissolved in a solvent and placed on paper

  2. Solvent rises up the paper, separating the mixture
• Separating funnel

  Apparatus for separating immiscible liquids of different densities
• Plum-pudding model


  Atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it
• Bohr/nuclear model

  Electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances (shells), came from alpha scattering experiments
• Proton

  Positive particle found in the nucleus
• Neutron

  Particle found in the nucleus, discovered by James Chadwick
• Atom structure

  Small central nucleus (protons and neutrons) with electrons orbiting
• Relative masses: proton 1, neutron 1, electron very small; Relative charges: proton 1, neutron 0, electron -1
• Atoms are neutral because they have the same number of electrons and protons
• Radius of an atom is 0.1 nm
• Radius of a nucleus is 1 x 10-14 m, which is 1/10000 of the atom radius
• Atomic number

  Number of protons in the nucleus
• Atom radius

  0.1 nm
• Nucleus radius

  1 x 10-14 m, 1/10000 of the atom radius
• Atomic number


  The number of protons in the nucleus
• Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons in the nucleus
• The majority of an atom's mass is in the nucleus
• Mass number


  The total number of protons and neutrons
• Calculating number of neutrons

  Subtract atomic number from mass number
• Isotope

  Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, but same chemical properties
• Relative atomic mass

  The average mass value which takes the mass and abundance of isotopes of an element into account, on a scale where the mass of 12C is 12
• Ion

  A charged particle formed when an atom loses or gains electrons
• Comparison of metal and non-metal properties

  • Boiling/melting point (high/low)
  • Conductivity
  • Appearance (shiny/dull)
  • Malleability (yes/brittle)
  • Density (high/low)
  • Oxides (basic/acidic)
• Reaction between metal and non-metal

  Forms an ionic compound
• Reaction between non-metal and non-metal

  Forms a molecular compound with covalent bonds
• Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties
• Electrons occupy the lowest available energy level
• Group 0 elements

  The noble gases