Psych

• Encoding


  Initial recording of information
• Retrieval


  Getting information out of memory storage
• Atkinson and Shiffrin's Information Processing Model


  1. Information -> Sensory memories -> Short-term memory -> Long-term memory

  2. Repetitive rehearsal (retains information in Short-term memory)

  3. Elaborative rehearsal (moves information into Long-term memory)
• Forgetting typically within 1 second in Sensory memories
• Automatic processing


  We automatically process information about, it's done unconsciously
• Effortful processing


  Requires close attention and effort
• Implicit memories


  • Processed in cerebellum and basal ganglia
  • Without conscious recall
• Massed practice


  Produces speedy short-term learning and feelings of confidence
• Episodic memory


  Explicit memory of personally experienced events
• Flashbulb memories


  Clear memories of emotionally significant events
• Key Memory Structures in the Brain

  • Frontal lobes and hippocampus (explicit memory formation)
  • Cerebellum and basal ganglia (implicit memory formation)
  • Amygdala (emotion-related memory formation)
• Synaptic Changes


  More Serotonin is released during learning, the cells synapses become more efficient, and the number of synapses increases with experience and learning
• Recognition


  Memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned
• Relearning


  Memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material for a second time
• Priming


  Awakening of unconscious associations in memory
• Serial Position effect


  The tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list
• Seven Sins of Memory

  • Absent-mindedness
  • Transience
  • Blocking
  • Misattribution
  • Suggestibility
  • Bias
  • Persistence
• Retrieval Failure


  Caused by interference and motivated forgetting
• Imagination Effect


  Repeatedly imagining fake actions and events creates false memories
• Suggestive interviewing techniques can lead 58% of preschoolers to produce false stories about one or more inexperienced events