Geog paper 1

• Hey guys, in this video we are gonna quickly go over everything you need for AQA Geography Paper One
• The AQA has options, so you don't need to do the options, you don't need to watch the section of the video for the options that you haven't studied in class
• There are lots of case studies in here and some of them may have alternative ones that you've done in class
• The first thing you need to do is go look at that pinned comment and see which sections of the video you need to cover
• After you make sure that you've covered everything, you can go to the website and download the free revision guide
• Amazon will print it off for you 'cause it's quite a lot of stuff in there
• There are checklists to make sure you've covered everything
• In the work books there are loads of questions, including a whole section on the case studies that you need to know
• There are loads of bits on how to analyze results as well as predicted and practice papers which are available for immediately download on my website
• Natural hazard


  A natural event that has a social impact, such as damage to property or loss of life
• Types of natural hazards

  • Tectonic hazards (volcanoes, tsunamis, earthquakes)
  • Biological hazards (forest fires)
  • Geomorphological hazards (flooding, mudslides, rockslides)
  • Atmospheric hazards (hurricanes, tornadoes, lightning, rain)
• If there are no people to be affected, then it is not a hazard, simply an event that happened
• Why do people knowingly put themselves at risk by living near hazards

  They don't want to leave, they believe the defenses will protect them, they don't believe the hazard will occur, they have jobs/facilities in the local area, they don't know where to go, there are language barriers
• Human activity has a big impact on climate change, humans are responsible for the majority of the CO2 that is put into the atmosphere
• Increasing climate change is leading to more flooding and more extreme weather events
• If a densely populated area is affected, then more people are going to be affected
• Tectonic plates


  Parts of the crust of the Earth, the surface that we are actually on, which is a very thin surface in comparison with the thicknesses of the different layers in the Earth
• Mantle


  A very thick layer below the crust, full of magma, molten rock that is flowing very slowly
• Core


  The innermost layer of the Earth, which is very hot
• The heat of the core underneath the molten rock sets up convection currents in the magma
• Types of tectonic plate margins

  • Destructive (continental-continental, continental-oceanic)
  • Conservative
  • Constructive
• Destructive continental-continental plate margin

  • Plates collide and crumble up to form mountains, earthquakes frequently occur but no volcanoes
• Destructive continental-oceanic plate margin

  • Oceanic plate is subducted below the continental plate, causing melting and magma formation which leads to volcanoes, friction causes earthquakes
• Conservative plate margin


  • Plates move against each other, friction causes earthquakes but no volcanoes
• Constructive plate margin


  • Plates move away from each other, leaving a gap for magma to reach the surface and form new rocks, can lead to rift valleys and shield volcanoes
• Primary effects


  The first effect of a natural hazard or event on the population, that is the people or the buildings
• Secondary effects


  The after effects of a natural hazard or event, happening over a longer time scale (days, weeks, months, or even years)
• Immediate response


  How people react straightaway as the event is happening and the immediate time scale afterwards
• Long term response


  How people will react to the natural hazard in the weeks or the months after it has happened
• HIC


  High income country, defined by the World Bank as a country where the Gross National Income (GNI) is over $12,000 per person
• LIC


  Low income country, defined by the World Bank as a country where the Gross National Income (GNI) is less than $12,000 per person
• HIC earthquake case studies

  • Chile (8.8 Richter scale, $30 billion cost)
  • Italy (6.3 Richter scale, $11 billion cost)
• LIC earthquake case study

  • Nepal (7.9 Richter scale, $5 billion cost)
• The earthquake in Chile quickly led to tsunamis, landslides, and fire
• The earthquake in Italy led to landslides of mud and rock, and an increase in rent and house prices due to building damage
• The earthquake in Nepal led to an avalanche on Everest, landslides blocking roads, and a loss of stored seed for planting
• Aid and help were pledged from other countries to Nepal, and displaced people were given tents for shelter
• The long-term response in Nepal involves a massive rebuilding project and ongoing repairs, including to Everest base camp to restart tourism
• Mitigating volcanic risks


  • Planning and mapping affected areas, evacuation plans, restricting land usage, emergency shelters and supplies, educating the population
• Predicting volcanic eruptions


  • Monitoring temperature, gases, gravity changes, using satellites to detect ground movements