Paper 2 Sport and society

• Define sports law

  The laws, regulations and judicial decisions that govern sports and athletes who perform in them
• Define damages

  A sum of money paid in compensation for loss or injury in a civil case
• Bosman ruling


  A ruling by the European court of justice which gave a professional football player the right to agree transfer at the end of their contract
• What is restraint of trade?

  Action that interfered with free competition in a market. In sport, this might involve a clauses in a contract which restricts a persons right to carry out their profession
• Define negligence

  Conduct that falls below a 'reasonable person standard' and leads to a breach of the duty of care, which results in foreseeable harm to another
• Define duty of care


  a legal obligation to ensure the safety or well-being of others.
• Duty of care applied to coaches


  This requires coaches to take such measures as are 'reasonable' in the circumstances to ensure that individuals will be safe to participate in activity
• What does "in loco parentis" mean?

  "In place of the parents" indicating a person who may give consent for care of a child when the parents are not present or able to give consent
• Identify the reasons why sports performers may need protection from the law during their careers.

  • Protection against foul play/violent acts of opponents (leading to compensation claims)

  • Protection from fans/violent spectators during a game

  • Protection from contractual issues with employers

  • Protection from contractual issues with sponsors/commercial deals
• Define the term 'negligence' and give an example of how a sporting official might be deemed negligent in the execution of their duties.

  Negligence is a failure in the duty of care to a player

  
  

  • Repeatedly allowing dangerous incidents to occur (e.g. not punishing a player for repeatedly committing fouls in football)

  • Failure to follow NGB rules/guidelines in relation to safe procedures/practice

  • not enforcing rules properly
• Identify the steps a sports coach should follow in order to demonstrate a reasonable standard in terms of a legal duty of care to children and young people.


  • Keeping up-to-date contact details/medical details/registers of attendance

  • Maintaining appropriate supervision ratios

  • Ensuring first aid provision is available

  • Ensuring individuals regularly involved in coaching children have current DBS clearance

  • Ensuring an appropriate risk assessment has been undertaken for the activities being coached
• identify methods that improve spectator safety.

  • Placed a legal responsibility on clubs for a duty of care to provide a safe spectator environment to 'visitors'

  • Controlled who can attend matches by placing banning orders on certain known trouble makers

  • Controlled rival fans chanting racist remarks at each other/players

  • Controlled alcohol sales/alcohol consumption prior to and at football matches

  • Removal of perimeter fencing/creation of all seater stadia to replace terraces

  • An Act controlling missile throwing/trespassing onto the field of play
• Methods of providing a safer environment for football players

  Increased security and police presence.

  Tougher deterrents e.g. banning orders, fines and imprisonment.

  Illegal to trespass onto the field of play and make racist chants.
• Define commercialisation in sport

  the process of running sport as a business to make a profit
• What is the golden triangle


  The financial relationship between sport, sponsorship and media
• advantages of the golden triangle

  increased income to sport for TV coverage

  promotion of sport

  improved facilities benefit performer and spectator
• disadvantages if the golden triangle

  sensationalists in media

  media/sponsors dictating kick off times

  only high profile sports televised
• What is ring fencing?


  certain sporting events must be available or viewing on terrestrial TV rather then satellite and subscription channels
• advantages of ring fencing

  access wider viewers

  ensure geographical access to viewers

  enable viewing of certain events to do with culture and heritage

  avoid restricting coverage
• advantages of media on sport


  gain knowledge of the spot

  increase profiles of sports individuals

  high income generated

  increased standards

  highlights positive role models

  promotes good health
• disadvantages of media on sport

  some less attractive sports get less coverage

  ring-fencing declining

  NGBs lose control

  lower attendance at live events

  may highlight negative behavior which could be copied in grassroots level
• what are the positives of commercialisation and sponsorship on SPORT

  increased funding

  better technology at events

  increased role models

  increased spectator interest

  improved standard
• what are the negatives of commercialisation and sponsorship on SPORT

  sports becoming over reliant on funding

  money only goes to popular sports

  the NGBs can lose control

  locations coulds be influenced
• what are the positives of commercialisation and sponsorship on THE PERFORMER


  increased wages

  chance at full time sport

  improvement in behaviour due to being in public eye

  increased funding for training, equipment etc.
• what are the negatives of commercialisation and sponsorship on THE PERFORMER


  increased pressure to win

  increase on deviant behaviour

  performers as commodities

  minority sports receive less funding

  demands of media and sponsors have negative impact on performers

  Performers develop a 'win at all costs' mentality
• what are the POSITIVES of commercialisation and sponsorship on COACHES/MANAGERS

  increased salary

  increased funding can be invested in sport
• what are the NEGATIVES of commercialisation and sponsorship on COACHES/MANAGERS

  under intense pressure to win

  interviews can be tough
• what are the POSITIVES of commercialisation and sponsorship on OFFICIALS

  increased profile

  full time jobs

  increased funding

  better technology due to funding
• what are the NEGATIVES of commercialisation and sponsorship on OFFICIALS


  increased pressure to get decisions right

  Expectations to give interviews and respond to criticism

  can become over-reliant on technology
• Define doping

  In competitive sports, doping refers to the use of banned performance enhancing drugs by athletic competitors
• What are stimulants?

  Drugs that induce a temporary improvement in mental and physical function
• What is Erythropoietin (EPO)?


  hormone that stimulates RBC production and therefore improves muscular endurance and cardiovascular fitness
• What is Tetrahydrogestrinone (TRT)?

  A banned steroid used to increase power which was tweaked by chemists to make it undetectable by 'normal tests
• What is the whereabouts system?


  A system designed to support out of competition testing which requires athletes to provide the details of their whereabouts so that they can be located at any time and anywhere for testing, with or without notice
• What is WADA?

  World Anti-Doping Agency, created in 1999 with the goal of fighting against doping in sports.
• What are anabolic steroids?

  synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone, they improve a performers ability to put on muscle mass
• Beta blockers

  Medication used for heart conditions that works by widening the arteries, allowing increased blood flow and reducing involuntary muscle spasms.
• Social reasons for why elite performers use performance enhancing drugs


  - Win at all costs attitude

  - Fame and fortune from success

  - Pressure to win

  - Lack of effective deterrents and believe they will get away with it

  - Poor role models
• Physiological effects of steroids

  - Store protein

  - Aid muscle growth and development

  - Increase strength and power

  - Fat loss

  - Decreases fatigue
• Side effects of steroids

  - Liver damage

  - Acne

  - Behavioural changes (aggression, paranoia, mood swings)