HIST 1

• Srivijaya


  Malay-speaking kingdom that dominated seaborne commerce around the Straits of Malacca from the 7th to 11th centuries
• Srivijaya


  • Capital city of Palembang in southeastern Sumatra
  • Stood on the Musi river some 65 kilometres from the swampy coast
• By the arrival of the Buddhist monk Yijing in 671, Palembang was already the centre of a prosperous kingdom
• According to Yijing, the rival Sumatran state of Malayu came under Srivijayan control around 671
• The earliest Indonesian inscriptions indicate how the king of Srivijaya was then winning supremacy over his neighbours
• King Jayanasa was able to dominate the Straits of Malacca, the main artery of east-west trade
• The Malay rulers of Srivijaya secured their hold over international shipping through the acquisition of ports
• Matarom Kingdom


  One of Java's earliest Indian-influenced dynasties
• King Sanjaya Canggal erected a linga in honour of Shiva, Brahma and Vishnu in 732
• Borobudur


  Javanese apotheosis of Buddhism, may have originally meant "many Buddhas"
• Majapahit


  Famous chief minister Gaiah Mada handled day-to-day administrative affairs, acting in the name of the queen, and consolidated the dynasty's position in eastern Java
• Gajah Mada turned Majapahit into a second Srivijaya with outposts as far east as New Guinea and as far north as the Philippines
• Majapahit regularized the spice trade by the collection of annual quotas as tribute
• Majapahit's taxes were collected in cash as well as kind: officials, soldiers and sailors were often paid in both
• A war of succession undermined Majapahit in the early 1400s, when Malacca was beginning to develop its role as the main entrepot for Southeast Asian maritime trade
• Arab merchants and sailors (and other Muslims) had begun to dominate the Nanhai or Southeast Asia trade by the 9th century
• The massacre of foreign merchants in Khanfu (Canton), China as well as increased piracy in the area led thousands of mostly Muslim merchants to flock Kalah in Malay Peninsula. Afterwards the local trade began to flourish.

  878 C.E.
• First actual recorded arrival of an Arab ship at Canton with a load of native goods from Mindoro (Ma-i).


  982 C.E.
• Malacca's foundation and its ruler's conversion, Parameswara, around 1414. Islam started to spread in other parts of Malaysia, like Java, during the reign of Mansur Shah (1458-1477).


  1400
• Islamization of some Javanese coastal principalities, Brunei, and Ternate.

  15th century
• The "coming of Islam"


  Could mean the coming of Muslim traders or the arrival of Muslim missionaries, or even the advent of Muslim chiefs or adventurers with the intention of founding a principality.
• The "expansion of Islam"

  Could refer to either to the conversion of the native rulers and thus suggest some receptivity on the part of this followers to accept the Faith, or to the overt practice of all or part of the well known Pillars of Islam among a noticeably increasing part of the population.
• The Five Pillars of Islam

  • Shahadah (Faith)
  • Salah (Prayer)
  • Sawm (Fasting)
  • Zakah (Almsgiving)
  • Hajj (Pilgrimage)
• The generally peaceful and inexorable expansion of Islam in Malaysia was intervened by the fall of Malacca, the Muslim theological center in the region, to the Portuguese. However, Christian activities provoked the accelerated Islamization throughout Borneo, Java, and Moluccas.
• A hundred years later, Ternatans would be asked to come and serve as both teachers and military men to help reinforce Islam in Maguindanao and Buayan.
• Islam


  An ideology with pre-nationalistic overtones. Muslim traders did not come to found colonies for their mother countries or as invaders with imperialistic designs. What they originally founded were trading communities.
• Theories of Malaysia's Islamization

  • Trade theory
  • Missionary theory (widest applicability)
  • Political theory
  • Economic theory
  • Spiritual theory
  • Crusader theory
• Sulu appears in Chinese sources as early as the Yuan dynasty (1278-1368) and a lengthy account of a tributary mission in 1417 recorded in the Ming Annals. After several centuries, the tribute missions between 1727 and 1763 witnessed the renewal of China-Sulu diplomacy and trade as reflected in the Qing Annals.
• Stages of Early Islamization of Sulu


  • 13th century - Existence of a Muslim settlement
  • 14th century - Conversions to Islam with the arrival of the missionaries
  • Early 15th century - Coming of Muslim Malays from Sumatra
  • Mid-15th century - Establishment of Muslim political institutions, the Sultanate of Sulu
  • Early 16th century - Transformation of Sulu into an integral part of an expanding dar ul-Islam
  • Late 16th century to Early 17th century - Political alliances with neighboring Muslim principalities against Western colonialism and Christianity
• Stages of Early Islamization of Maguindanao

  • 15th century - Appearance of Muslim missionaries
  • Early 16th century - Immigration of Islamic peoples and the arrival of Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuwan
  • Late 16th century - Additional contacts with Sulu and the Moluccas
  • Early 17th century - Acceleration of the Islamic process in the Maranao area
• The ruling family of Manila was Bornean in origin and closely related by family ties with the sultan of Brunei. The family includes Rajah Matanda, Rajah Sulayman, and Lakandula.
• Manila-Brunei relations can be traced to the early 16th century Brunei Sultan Bulkeiah (Nakhoda Ragam) who made a dependency of the country of Selurong, which is said to be the site of the present Manila.
• Some Borneans formed a settlement at the mouth of the Pasig River, a strategic place for their merchandise going to and from the region around Laguna Lake. There were also similar settlements in Mindoro and missionary work in Balayan (Batangas).
• In the absence of a major obstacle as that which actually took place, Manila and the nearby islands would have followed an Islamization process to the stage where the majority of inhabitants would have ended up as Muslims.
• San Pablo, under the command of Felipe de Salcedo, sailed from Cebu. The guiding spirit on this voyage was the navigator-friar, Andres de Urdaneta. She arrived the 8th of September at Acapulco. The route came to be the approximate route followed by the Manila-Acapulco vessels in the next two centuries and a half.

  1565
• Some of Legaspi's men under Admiral Juan Pablo Carrion had occasion to succor the crew of a Chinese junk which was found sinking in the waters off Mindoro. To this incident is attributed the opening of a new page in the history of Philippine commerce, the beginning of direct trading connections with China.
• Goods brought by Chinese traders that formed the eastward cargoes of the galleons


  • Persian rugs
  • Fine cottons from India
  • Objects made of ivory, jasper, jade, copper and brass
  • Spices, musk, borax, lead and camphor
  • Porcelain and earthenware
  • Pearls and precious stones
  • Japanned boxes and inlaid escritoires and furniture
• Philippine products that figured in the trade

  • Gold dust
  • Wax
  • Cordage
  • Blankets and sail cloth from locos
  • Lampotes or gauze from Cebu
  • Cotton stockings from Manila
  • Bed coverlets from Lubang and Ilocos
  • Petticoats and hammocks from locos
  • Linen sheets, tablecloths and bed canopies
• Silks in every stage of manufacture and of every variety of weave and pattern formed the most valuable part of their cargoes. The Chinese were therefore the most important among all the foreigners whose ships converged on sixteenth-century Manila.
• In order to keep the Chinese in a place where they could be observed and controlled, Governor Ronquillo in the 1580's built the Parian across the river from old Manila. This was the Chinatown of those times; Chinese retailers and artisans resided and kept their shops there.