lab study

• ADH (antidiuretic hormone):

  -produced by the posterior pituitary gland

  -target organ(s): kidneys
• what is the stimulus for ADH release?

  impulses from hypothalamic neurons; rise in blood solute concentration or falling blood volume; pain; some drugs; and low blood pressure
• what is the function of ADH?

  stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water
• disorders of ADH

  hyposecretion: diabetes insipidus

  hypersecretion: syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
• what gland produces oxytocin, and what is it's target organs?

  produced by posterior pituitary gland

  targets the uterus and breasts
• what is oxytocin's stimulus for release?

  impulses from hypothalamic neurons due to cervix/uterus stretching; suckling of infant on breast
• what is the function of oxytocin?


  stimulates uterus contractions; initiate labor and milk ejection
• hypo/hyper disorders of oxytocin

  unknown
• what gland produces growth hormone (GH) and what is it's target organs?

  anterior pituitary gland; liver, muscle, bone, cartilage, and other tissues
• what is the stimulus for growth hormone?

  GHRH release (low levels of GH), hypoglycemia, rise in amino acids in blood levels, and low levels of fatty acids, exercise, or other types of stress
• what is the function of GH?

  anabolic hormone stimulates somatic growth, mobilizes fats, and spares glucose.
• hypo/hyper disorders of GH

  hypo: pituitary dwarfism in children

  hyper: gigantism in children, acromegaly in adults
• what gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone, and what organs does it target?

  anterior pituitary gland; targets thyroid gland
• what is the stimulus for TSH

  TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) and in infants indirectly by cold temperature
• what is the function of TSH

  stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
• hypo/hyper secretion disorders of TSH

  hypo: cretinism in children; myxedema in adults

  hyper: hyperthyroidism, effects similar to those of Grave's disease in which antibodies mimic TSH
• what gland produces adrenocorticotropic hormone, and what are it's target organs?

  anterior pituitary gland; targets the adrenal cortex
• what is ACTH's stimulus for release?

  CRH, stimuli that increase CRH (fever, hypoglycemia, and other stressors)
• what is the function of ACTCH

  promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens (mineralcorricoids to a lesser extent)
• hypo/hyper secretion disorders of ACTH

  hypo: rare to see

  hyper: cushing's disease
• what gland produces luteinizing hormone and what is its target organ?

  anterior pituitary gland

  targets ovaries and testes
• what is the stimulus for LH?

  GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
• what is the function of LH?

  females: triggers ovulation and stimulating ovarian production of estrogens

  males: promotes testosterone production
• hypo/hyper secretion disorders of LH


  hypo: failure of sexual maturation

  hyper: no important effects
• what gland produces follicle-stimulating hormone, and what organs does it target?

  anterior pituitary gland

  ovaries and testes
• what is the stimulus for FSH?

  GnRH
• what is the function of FSH?

  females: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogens

  males: stimulates sperm production
• hypo/hyper secretion disorders of FSH


  hypo: failure of sexual maturation

  hyper: nothing important
• what gland produces prolactin and what organ does it target?

  anterior pituitary gland

  targets the breast secretory tissue
• what is the stimulus for release of PRL?

  decreased PIH, release enhanced by estrogens, birth control pills, breast feeding, and dopamine-blocking drugs
• hypo/hyper secretion disorders of PRL

  hypo: poor milk production in nursing women

  hyper: inappropriate milk production (galactorrhea); cessation of menses in females; impotence in males
• what gland produces thyroid hormone T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) and what are their target organs?


  thyroid gland

  targets heart, CNS, autonomic nervous system, bones, GI, and metabolism
• what is the stimulus for thyroid hormone T3 & T4

  thyroid stimulating hormone, and falling levels of TH
• what is the function of thyroid hormones

  calorgenic effect, tissue growth & development, maintaining blood pressure by the number of adrenergic receptors in blood
• hypo/hyper secretion disorders of thyroid hormone t3 and t4

  hypo: cretinism

  hyper: grave's disease and myxedema
• what gland produces calcitonin and what does it target?

  parafollicular (c cells) of thyroid gland

  targets the skeleton
• what is the stimulus of CT

  rise in blood Ca2+ levels
• what is the function of CT?

  inhibits osteoclasts activity, bone reabsorption and release of Ca2+ from bony matrix, stimulates Ca2+ uptake and incorporation into bone matrix
• hypo/hyper secretion disorders of CT

  unknown
• what gland produces parathyroid hormone and what does it target?

  parathyroid glands in throat

  targets: bones, kidneys, and intestines