perdev quiz 3

• Biological Challenges

  • Adolescence begins with the first well-defined maturation event called puberty. Included in the biological challenges are the changes that occur due to the release of the sexual hormones that affect emotions.

  Mood changes can increase which can have an impact on relationships both at home with parents and siblings and peers at school.
• Cognitive Challenges


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  • It takes time to develop confidence using these newly acquired skills, and they may make mistakes in judgment. Learning through success and failure is part of the learning process for the adolescent.
• Jean Piaget 


  Theory of Social Development, believed that adolescence is the time operasious
• • Concrete Operations - 7 to 11 yrs old
  • Formal operations - 11/12 to puberty
• Psychological Challenges


  • The notable psychological challenge that the adolescent must cope with is moving from childhood to adulthood. A new person is emerging, thus, rules will change, and more responsibilities will be placed on him/her, so a certain standard of behavior is now required to be maintained.
• • Anorexia Nervosa

  • Teenagers with anorexia may take extreme measures to avoid eating and to control the quantity and quality of the foods they eat. They may become abnormally thin and still talk about feeling fat. They typically continue to strict diet even at very unhealthy weights because they have a distorted image of their body.
• • Bulimia Nervosa

  • Teenagers with bulimia nervosa typically 'binge and purge' by engaging in uncontrollable episodes of overeating (bingeing) usually followed by compensatory behavior such as: purging through vomiting, use of laxatives, enemas, fasting, or excessive exercise. Eating binges may occur as often as several times a day but are most common in the evening and night hours.
• Anxiety Disorders


  • anxiety disorder are a group of mental disorders characterized by significant

  • Anxiety is a worry about future events, and
  • fear is a reaction to current events. These feelings may cause physical symptoms, such as a fast heart rate and shakiness.
• • Mood Disorders


  the development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to identifiable stressors that occurs within 3 months of the onset of the stressors. Examples : low mood, tearfulness, or feelings of hopelessness are predominant
• • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):
  • A period of at least 2 weeks during which there is either depressed mood or the loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities. In children and adolescents, the mood may be irritable rather than sad.
• • Bipolar Disorder:
  • A period of abnormally and persistently unusual shifts in a person's mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration.
• • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

  • problems with concentration or attention and/or hyperactivity are estimated to affect adolescents. Six times as many boys as girls are affected.
• • School phobia

  also called school refusal, is defined as a persistent and irrational fear of going to school.

  • It must be distinguished from a mere dislike of school that is related to issues such as a new teacher, a difficult examination, the class bully, lack of confidence, or having to undress for a gym class. The phobic adolescent shows an irrational fear of school and may show marked anxiety symptoms when in or near the school.
• • Learning disabilities

  •  encompasses disorders that affect the way individuals with normal or above normal intelligence receive, store, organize, retrieve, and use
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• dyslexia 


  and other specific learning problems involving reading, spelling, writing, reasoning, and mathematics. Undiagnosed learning disabilities are a common but manageable cause of young people deciding to leave school at the earliest opportunity.
• •Sexual abuse 


  is a sexual behavior, or a sexual act forced upon a woman, man, or child without their consent. Sexual abuse includes abuse by another man, woman, or child. Sexual abuse in childhood may result in problems of depression and low self-esteem, as well as in sexual difficulties, either avoidance of sexual contact or, on the other hand, promiscuity or prostitution. Sexual abuse in children is regarded by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the major public health problems.
• Substance Abuse


  •Many communities are plagued with problems of substance abuse among youth. Some children start smoking or chewing tobacco at an early age, aided by easy access to tobacco products. Many of our youth, with limited supervision or few positive alternatives, drink too much beer and liquor. Other youth, influenced by their peers, use other illegal drugs. Our youth suffer from substance abuse in familiar ways: diminished health, compromised school performance, and reduced opportunities for development. Our communities also bear a heavy burden for adolescent substance abuse
• Influence of Mass Media


  •Adolescents spend a significant amount of time in viewing and interacting with electronic devices in the form of TV, radio, cellphone, and computers. Mass media activate and reinforce attitude and contribute significantly in the formation of new attitudes and will continue to affect children's cognitive and social development.