deforming

• redistribution refers to the fact that a material is moved around in order to shape it into a product or component. can be done in two ways: reforming or deforming
• deforming involves changing the shape of the material without changing its state i.e. material remains a solid
• thermoplastic polymers can become soft at relatively low temperatures at which point they can easily be deformed
• metals are relatively easy to deform using a combination of heat and pressure
• deforming wood -

  • steam bending - involves bombarding wood with steam until flexible
  • bent into shape and held in place while the water content is slowly removed from the wood
  • Windsor style chairs
• deforming wood -

  • Kerfing - cutting groves in wood to bake deforming by bending easier
  • guitar and violin shells
• deforming wood -

  • laminating- thin sheets of wood are stacked with glue in between then placed in a mould.
  • once glue has set the wood is removed and remains the shape of the mould
  • skateboards
• deforming metal-

  • bending and folding - metal can be bent cold or hot and sheet metal can be folded in a similar way to sheet plastic but requires specialist high pressure machinery

  
• deforming metal -

  spinning- process involving a disc of metal being rotated at high speed and formed into a symmetrical part .

  • doesn't involve removal of material but forming a sheet of metal over the existing shape
  • cookware, gas cylinders
• deforming metal -

  • sinking- flat sheet metal is formed into a non flat object by hammering
  • stretches and thins the material
  • jewellery and plate armour
• deforming metal-

  punching- uses a punch press to force a punch through the work piece to create a hole via shearing.

  • the punch often passes through a hole into the die
  • a scrap slug from the whole is deposited into the die in the process
  • depending on material the slug can be recycled
  • cheapest method for creating holes in sheet metals
  • blanking - when a specifically shaped punch is used to create multiple usable parts

  
• deforming metal -

  • forging - involves shaping of metal using localized compressive forces
  • often classified according to its temperature
  • forged part can range in weight from less than 1kg to 580 metric tons
  • usually requite further processing to achieve finished part

  
• deforming metal -

  • drop forming - a hammer is raised and dropped on to the work piece to deform it according to the shape of the die
  • 2 types : open-die or closed-die
  • difference is the shape of the die with the former not fully enclosing the work piece while the latter does

  
• DEFORMING METAL

  drawing - uses tensile forces

  • done at room temperature

  
• deforming metal

  • deep drawing - a sheet metal blank id drawn into a forming die by a punch
  • considered deep when depth of the drawn part exceeds its diameter
  • redrawing the part through a series of dies

  
• deforming metal -

  • press forming - sheet metal process uses a die mounted on the inside of the press then the metal is placed on the inside of the die.
  • press then applies high pressure and material forms to match the shape of the die

  
• deforming polymers -

  pressure forming - similar to vacuum forming uses an additional former to help the process which allows for more detail

  
• deforming polymers

  • line bending

  
• deforming polymers

  • blow moulding - hollow plastic parts are formed
  • begins with melting down the plastic and forming it into a parison, or a preform (injection moulding)
  • parison then clamped into a mould and air is blown into it the air pressure then pushes the plastic out to match the mould