cell biology

• cell membrane


  controls what goes in and out of the cell
• mitochobdria


  carries out resperation
• chloroplast


  where photosynthesis takes place in a pant.
• ribosomes


  where protein synthesis takes place.
• nucleus


  contains dna and controls cell activity
• cytoplasm


  where chemical reactions take place
• order of magnitude


  used to compare the size between 2 objects.
• 1 order of magnitude

  =10x greater
• 3 orders of magnitude?

  =1000x greater
• prokaryotes


  contains genetic material that is not inside of a nucleus
• eukaryotes


  contains genetic material stored inside of a nucleus
• permanent vacuole


  filled with cell sap that stores water
• cell wall 


  strengthens and supports cell.
• micrometer


  1 meter divided by 1 million
• nanometer


  1 meter divided by 1 billion
• stem cells in plants

  differentiate into any type of plant tissue
• stem cells in animals


  potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body
• what is an example of a specialised animal cell

  a sperm cell because it consists of a long tail to be able to swim fast to the egg cell
• why does a specialised sperm cell contain a mitochondria

  because it produces energy
• what is specialised in a muscel cell

  mitrochondria to provide energy for contraction
• what is a example of a specialised plant cell

  a root hair cell
• what is specialised in a root hair cell

  they do not contain chloroplast as they can not carry out photosynthesis
• what is specialised in a xylem cell

  very thick walls which contains lignin and provides support to plant
• what is a negative of xylem cells containing lignin


  it causes for plant to die
• what is specialised in a phloem cell

  mitrochondria to provide energy. and allows sugars to dissolve through cell wall(in a sieve plant)
• what is the purpose of the cell cycle

  to allow cells to divide
• what is stage 1 of cell division by mitosis

  dna replicates to form 2 couples of each chromosome
• what is the second step of cell division by mitosis

  nucleus divides
• what is the final step of cell division by mitosis

  cytoplasm and cell membran divide to form 2 identical cells
• stem cellls can be used for?

  thereputic cloning
• how can stem cells be used for therapeutic cloning

  by transplanting stem cells into a patient and then stems cells are able to replace cells that no longer work