Physio cram

• Types of neurons


  • Bipolar Cells
  • Ganglion Cells
  • Horizontal Cells
  • Amacrine Cells
• Reflexes at Birth


  • General Body Reflex
  • Facial Reflex
  • Oral Reflex
• Types of proprioception/ Receptors of proprioception

  • Golgi tendon organs
  • Pacinian of the body
• Types of pain


  • Superficial pain
  • Deep pain
  • Visceral pain
  • Referred pain
• Parts of the eye

  • Cornea
  • Anterior Chamber
  • Lens
  • Posterior Chamber
  • Retina
  • Optic Nerve
  • Occipital Lobe
• Optic Disc


  Area where the optic nerve leaves the eye and where the retinal vessels enter the eye, visual receptors are ABSENT, called the BLIND SPOT
• Fovea Centralis


  Area where visual acuity is greatest (high concentration of visual receptors)
• Extraocular Muscles


  • Lateral Rectus - eyeball abduction
  • Medial Rectus - eyeball adduction
  • Superior Rectus and Inferior Oblique - eyeball elevation
  • Inferior Rectus and Superior Oblique - eyeball depression
• Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness or nyctalopia; patient has difficulty of seeing in a dark environment
• Strabismus (squint) is an abnormality in the muscular coordinating mechanism
• Reflexes


  • Patellar reflex
  • Ankle Jerk
  • Biceps reflex
  • Triceps reflex
  • Wrist reflex
  • Corneal reflex
  • Palatal reflex and Pharyngeal reflex
  • Epigastric reflex
  • Abdominal reflex
  • Plantar reflex
  • Accommodation
  • Cilio-spinal reflex
  • Swallowing reflex
• Patellar reflex


  Afferent nerve: Femoral

  Center: L2 - A

  Efferent nerve: Femoral

  Response: Knee Jerk
• Ankle Jerk


  Afferent nerve: Tibial

  Center: S1-2

  Efferent nerve: Tibial

  Response: Plantar flexion
• Biceps reflex


  Afferent nerve: Musculo-cutaneous

  Center: C 5-6

  Efferent nerve: Musculo-cutaneous

  Response: Flexion of forearm
• Triceps reflex


  Afferent nerve: Radial

  Center: C 6-7

  Efferent nerve: Radial

  Response: Extension of forearm
• Wrist reflex


  Afferent nerve: Median

  Center: C 6-7

  Efferent nerve: Median

  Response: Flexion of wrist
• Corneal reflex


  Afferent nerve: Cranial V

  Center: Pons

  Efferent nerve: Cranial VII

  Response: Contraction of orbicular muscle
• Palatal reflex and Pharyngeal reflex

  Afferent nerve: Cranial IX

  Center: Medulla

  Efferent nerve: Cranial X

  Response: Gagging or choking
• Epigastric reflex


  Afferent nerve: T 7-10

  Center: T 7-10

  Efferent nerve: T 7-10

  Response: Drawing in of the epigastrium
• Abdominal reflex


  Afferent nerve: T 10-12

  Center: T 10-12

  Efferent nerve: T 10-12

  Response: Contraction of the rectal muscle
• Plantar reflex


  Afferent nerve: Tibial

  Center: S 1-2

  Efferent nerve: Tibial

  Response: Plantar flexion of the toes
• Accommodation


  Afferent nerve: Cranial 11

  Center: Occipital cortex

  Efferent nerve: Cranial III

  Response: Far object pupil constriction, near object pupillo-dilatation
• Cilio-spinal reflex


  Afferent nerve: A sensory nerve

  Center: T-12, Cervical

  Efferent nerve: Sympathetics

  Response: Dilatation of the pupils
• Swallowing reflex


  Afferent nerve: Cranial IX

  Center: Medulla

  Efferent nerve: Cranial X

  Response: Inability to swallow saliva in succession, capable of swallowing H2O in succession