global citizenship

• nation state

  a state is a centralised political organisation ruling over a population within a territory

  a nation is a community based on common identity
• sovereignty - a state's ability to govern itself
• A nation-state is a territory over which no other country holds power or sovereignty.
• Democracy means ‘rule by the people’. It comes from the Greek words Dêmos, which means people, and krátos which means rule or strength.
• Direct Democracy:

  •  A type of democracy in which the power to govern lies directly in the hands of the people 

  Representative Democracy

  •  A type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people
  • Can vote out representative if he/she is not following your interest
• • Referendum
  • A general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision.
  • Political Dissent

   - A dissatisfaction with or opposition to the policies of a governing body. Expressions of dissent may take forms from vocal disagreement to civil disobedience to the use of violence.
• Human Rights

  • universal and inalienable
  • you are born with it
• • Economic development - a process where a nation improves the economic , political and social well-being (ie, general health and happiness) of its people

  Economic growth - when an economy has increased its ability to produce more.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - the entire market value of a country's goods and services
• it is important for laws to cross international boundaries to maintain interconnectedness. having laws that cross international boundaries can help with environmental issues such as climate change or biodiversity loss that require collective action and cooperation between nations. it can develop common protocols or rules to lead to environmental conservation.
• Discrimination: when a person is treated unfairly based on their background

  Freedom: the power or right to act, speak or think as you want

  Human rights: things that people are morally or legally entitled to have
• 1. Decentralization

  • Decentralization is the transfer of authority, responsibility, and accountability from central to local governments. It's when a certain region in that nation state wants independence. The reason why this is a threat is because gaining independence as a region will reduce the overall power of the nation state.
• Economic growth is when an economy increases its ability to gain a steadier income, and economic development is when a nation improves its economic, political, and social wellbeing of its people.
• Trade is buying and selling goods

  Free trade is a policy where the government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (to imports) or subsidies (to exports). 
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 to promote free trade among member states. Its main function is to ensure that all members follow the same trading rules. If any member violates these rules, then the WTO has the power to impose sanctions on them.
• Globalisation refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world through increased trade, investment, and movement of capital, labour, technology, and knowledge across national borders.
• Reasons for migration -

  There are two main factors that lead someone to migrate - push factors are things that force someone to migrate, while pull factors are factors that encourage someone to migrate.

  Push factors:

  • Conflict
  • corrupt government

  Pull factors:

  • to see family
  • business opportunities
  • scholarships
• Long term aid - aid given specifically for a long period of time. 

  Short term aid - temporary aid, immediate support after a disaster

  Emergency aid - aid like food, clean water, and medicine. Aid that is absolutely essential for one’s survival, usually given after an unexpected disaster or catastrophe. Resources provided in response to an emergency

  Bilateral aid - aid from official government sources directly to the recipient country.
• Protest - shere number of people - agreeing to pressure the decision makers

  Governments - group of people who oversee a country and its citizens.  There role/function is to: oversee the economy, national security (resolve conflicts), develop country, enhance life for it’s citizens
• • Dictator -  a ruler with total power over a country
  • Authoritarian regime - a government that concentrates political power in an authority not responsible to the people.
  • Autocracy - a system of government by one person with absolute power.
  • Totalitarian - a system of government where everything is controlled and requires complete obedience to the state.
• autocratic regime - a state where one person has absolute power
• constitution - a set of rules that guides how a country works.

  constitutional monarchy - a monarch who has power within the limits of the constitution of the country
• absolute monarch - a monarch with unlimited power over a country (no constitution or legal checks)
• HDI (Human development index) - a measure of development on the lives of the people
• UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees) - supports the wellbeing of refugees
• NGO (non-governmental organisation) - organisations that work independently from governments, often working towards social change
• international law - laws agreed upon by nations which are binding on all states
• ICC (International Criminal Court) - aims to prosecute individuals for serious crimes of concern to the international community. offers justice to victims of atrocities such as genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
• brain drain 0 when people of high skill or intelligence leave their own country to live in another country where pay and conditions are better
• UNICEF - The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, a UN agency that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries, increasing child mortality rates
• WHO (World Health Organisation) - an agency of the UN responsible for coordinating responses to health emergencies worldwide
• global governance - refers to the collective decision making processes between nation states regarding issues affecting the world as a whole
• electorate - someone entitled to vote
• How many democratic countries are there?

  167