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• What are the big 4 unique traits of land plants?


  Cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, alternation of generations.
• How are Archaeplastida different from plants?


  Archaeplastida are a broader group that includes not only plants but also various algae. Plants, on the other hand, specifically refer to multicellular organisms within the kingdom Plantae that typically possess roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive structures like flowers or cones
• entire clade for Plantae.


  The entire clade for Plantae includes green algae, land plants (embryophytes), and red algae.
• Why are red algae red?

  Phycoerythrin pigment.
• What are red algae used for (by people)?


  food (such as nori in sushi), as a source of agar for laboratory cultures and as a thickening agent in food products, and in the production of certain cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
•  What's a chlorophyte?


  Chlorophytes are a division of green algae, which are photosynthetic organisms that contain chlorophyll. They are diverse and can be found in various habitats ranging from freshwater to marine environments.
• life cycle of a Chlamydomonas

  In the asexual phase, haploid cells undergo mitosis to produce flagellated cells called zoospores, which eventually develop into new haploid individuals. In the sexual phase, haploid gametes (both + and - mating types) fuse to form a diploid zygote, which then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid zoospores again. A label for the life cycle of Chlamydomonas could include the following stages: Haploid Vegetative Cell -> Mitosis -> Zoospore -> Haploid Gametes -> Fusion -> Diploid Zygote -> Meiosis -> Haploid Zoospores.
• 4 reasons to move to shallow water from deep.


  better access to sunlight for photosynthesis, increased availability of nutrients, reduced competition from other organisms, and a more stable environment with less turbulence and variation in temperature
• What is sporopollenin?


  a tough, resistant polymer found in the walls of spores and pollen grains of land plants. It provides protection against desiccation, UV radiation, and microbial attack
•  The four big unique traits of land plants are:

  1. Alternation of generations life cycle


  Multicellular, dependent embryosc, Walled spores produced in sporangiad, Apical meristems for continuous growth
•  What’s a cuticle?


  a waxy, water-repellent layer covering the aerial parts of land plants, such as leaves and stems. It helps to prevent excessive water loss and protects against pathogens and herbivores.
• What’s a secondary plant compound?


  organic compounds produced by plants that are not directly involved in growth, development, or reproduction. They often serve ecological roles such as defense against herbivores, attraction of pollinators, or allelopathy
• What’s a mycorrhizal fungus?


  a type of symbiotic fungus that forms a mutualistic association with the roots of most vascular plants. The fungus helps the plant absorb water and nutrients from the soil, while the plant provides the fungus with sugars produced through photosynthesis
• Why are gametes made via mitosis and spore via meiosis?


  Gametes are produced via mitosis to maintain the same ploidy level as the parent organism, ensuring genetic continuity in sexual reproduction. Spores, on the other hand, are produced via meiosis to halve the ploidy level, resulting in genetic diversity among the offspring and facilitating dispersal and adaptation to different environments
• What are the three groups of nonvascular land plants?

  Liverworts, hornworts, mosses
• When did land plants make it to land?


  500 million years ago
• What does “vascular” refer to?


  to the presence of specialized tissues called xylem and phloem, which are responsible for transporting water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant.
• Why are nonvascular plants so small?


  they lack the specialized tissues for efficient water and nutrient transport
• What are the 2 generations that alternate in land plants?


  haploid gametophyte generation and the diploid sporophyte generation.
• What are the differences between a spore and a gamete?


  Spore: A reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism without fusion with another cell. Gamete: A reproductive cell that must fuse with another gamete to form a new organism.
• What is so special about an apical meristem?


  continuously producing new cells that differentiate into various types of tissues, allowing plants to grow taller and their roots to extend deeper into the soil.
• What 3 groups are the nonvascular land plants?

  Liverworts, hornworts, mosses
• What 2 groups form the seedless vascular plants?

  Lycophytes and ferns
• What 2 groups form the seed plants?

  Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
• What 2 groups form the seedless vascular plants?

  lycophytes and pterophytes
• What's a seed?


  a reproductive structure produced by seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) containing an embryo, stored nutrients, and a protective seed coat
• What's a hepatophyte?


  Liverwort
• What's an anthocerophyte?


  Hornwort
• The ____________ is dominant in the nonvascular life-cycle.

  gametophyte
• A spore develops into a____________.

  gametophyte
• Gametes fuse to eventually give rise to a_______________

  sporophyte
• fern life-cycle with the following

  • Gametophyte (male or female) - haploid
  • Sporophyte - diploid
  • Spore - haploid
  • Embryo - diploid
  • Meiosis - diploid to haploid
  • Mitosis - haploid to haploid
• What's a peristome?


  A ring of teeth-like structures surrounding the opening of the capsule in mosses, helping to regulate spore release.
• What's a Foot? 


  A specialized structure in mosses that anchors the plant to its substrate and absorbs nutrients.
• What's a Seta?


  A stalk that supports the capsule in mosses and liverworts
• What's a Sporangia/capsule?


  The structure in which spores are produced and released in bryophytes.
• What does a bryologist study?


  bryophytes, which include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
• Why do moss need wet environments?


  they rely on water for reproduction. The sperm cells of mosses need water to swim to the egg cells for fertilization, and the spores need moisture to germinate and establish new moss plants
• Vascular tissue is necessary to ______________

  transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant.
• The two types of vascular tissues are_____________ and _______________


  xylem, responsible for transporting water and minerals, and phloem, responsible for transporting sugars and other organic compounds