Animal Nutrition

• Nutrient


  Defined as achemical elementorcompoundthat aids in thesupport of life.
• A


  nutrientbecomes apart of the cellsof the body, that are necessary forcells to?live,grow, andfunctionproperly
• What are the Six Basic Classes of Nutrients?

  1. Water

  2. Carbohydrates

  3. Fats

  4. Proteins

  5. Minerals

  6. Vitamins
• WATER


  · common that its importance as anutrientis oftenforgotten

  ·Watermakes up thelargest partof mostliving things,Approximately, 80% of the water in animals

  · Younger animals have a higher percentage of water in their bodies than older animals
• How many percent does the animal body contains water?

  80%
• Factors Affecting Water Requirements/ Intake


  1. Type of animal

  2. Age

  3. Environment temperature/ conditions

  4. Type of feed and preparation
• Major Functions of Waters in The Body

  1. Transport of Nutrients -in the form of plasma (blood)2. Major Component in Body Metabolism3. Body Temperature Regulation4. As buffer in various physiological equilibria5. Aids in various physiological processes such as in swallowing, digestion, excretion, etc.
• Specific Functions of Water

  1. Lubricates Joints -Synovial Fluid2. Cushion in the CNS- Cerebrospinal Fluid3. Transport Sound in the Ear -through Lymph4. Accommodation/ Focusing of the Eye
• CARBOHYDRATES - ENERGY NUTRIENTS


  Themain energy nutrientsfound inanimal rations

  · are chemically composed ofcarbon,hydrogen, andoxygen (CHO)
• Nutrients that are composed of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)?

  Carbohydrates and Fats
• Carbohydrates


  provide energy for thebody cells. This energy powersmuscular movementssuch as?theheartbeat,walking,breathing, anddigestive contractions.
• What do Carbohydrates produce?

  body heatthat helps to keep theanimal warm
• Extra Carbohydrates are converted to?

  fatandstored in the body.
• Carbohydrates are made up of?

  sugars,starches(soluble carbohydrates) andcellulose, andlignin(non-soluble carbohydrates)
• What is the Energy Used by the Body?

  ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
• Simple Carbohydrates


  (Soluble Carbohydrates)· aresugarsandstarches (they are easily digested)

  come from thecereal grains, such ascorn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, and sorghum
• Simple carbohydrates are referred to as

  Nitrogen-Free Extract(NFE)
• Complex Carbohydrates


  (Non-Soluble Carbohydrates)· Calledfiber, arecelluloseandlignin·more difficult to digest than simple carbohydrates

  ·Fiberis found mainly inroughagessuch ashay and pasture plants. Examples arealfalfa, bromegrass, orchard grass, and bluegrass.
• Discuss the "Carbohydrate and Fiber Content of Feeds"

  Ruminant animalscan digest large amountsof fiber. A high percentage of theirration is roughage

  In Horses, Rations must be Roughage, not Cereal Grains (Carbohydrates)

  Simple-stomached animals,cannot digest large amountsoffiber. Their ration must be mostlycereal grains t
• Functions of Carbohydrates in Animal Nutrition

  1. As a main source of Energy

  2. As a source of Nutrients for the production of Animal Product

  3. As a source of Fiber

  4. As a component in the formation of Body Regulators

  5. As a substrate for the formation of Glycogen and Synthesis of Body Fats
• Common Carbohydrates Important in Animal Nutrition

  A. Monosaccharides -(simple sugars) fundamental unit is glucose

  B. Disaccharides -formed from two molecules ofMonosaccharides

  C. Polysaccharides - ·combination of several units of glucose
• Enumerate Monosaccharides


  Pentoses (Five Carbon Atom Sugars)1. L-Arabinose2. D-xylose3. D-ribose4. D-xylulose and D-ribulose

  Hexoses (Six Carbon Atom Sugars)1. Glucosedextrose,"grape sugar",utilizedfor energy production.

  2. Fructoselaevulose,"fruit sugar", thesweetest among natural carbohydrates

  3. Galactosecomponent of milk sugar(lactose),
• Difference why Cellulose cannot be digested easily as compared to starch?

  Because of their Linkage

  In Starch, alpha-linkage (can be easily digested)

  In cellulose, beta-linkage
• Enumerate Disaccharides


  1. Sucrose (glucose + fructose)"Cane or beet" sugars (table sugars)

  2. Maltose (2 molecules of glucose)malt sugar

  3. Lactose (glucose + galactose)milk sugar

  4. Cellobiosedo not exist as free sugar
• Enumerate Polysaccharides


  1. Starch (Reserve carbohydrates of plants)

  2. Glycogen (Reserve carbohydrates of mammals)

  3. Cellulosemost abundant single polymerin the plantkingdom, basic structure of plant cell walls; low digestibility in animals

  4. Hemicellulosegroup of complexcarbohydrate closely associated withcellulose; also, inplant cell walls

  5. Ligninnot a true carbohydrate;structural support and mechanical strengthtoplants
• Where to Fermentation Happen in Mammals and Human to digest Cellulose?

  For Human and other Mammals (Hindgut Fermenters) - Fermentation occur in Cecum (if functional) and Colon (Large Intestine

  
  

  For Ruminants Animals - Fermentation occur in Rumen Compartment
• FATS AND OILS - ENERGY NUTRIENTS

  · chemically composed ofcarbon, hydrogen, and oxygen(same as carbohydrates)

  · Theycontain more carbonandhydrogenatomsthan carbohydrates.

  ·Fatsare easilydigested by animals. Theyprovide energy and body heat.

  ·Fatsmay alsobe added to improvetheflavor, texture, and palatability of the feed
• Referred to as Fats in Animals Nutrition?

  Fats and Oils
• the


  energy valueoffatsishigher than that of carbohydrates. how many times does the energy value of fats compare to carbohydrates?2.25times
• Fats


  are__________ at body temperature, andoils are __________ at body temperatureFats are Solid; and Oils are Liquid
• Ether is used in feed analysis


  toextract the fatfrom the feed. Therefore, thedissolved substances(fats) are calledether extract
• Functions And Importance of Lipids

  1. Serve as a condense reserve of energy and source of essential fatty acids

  2. As structural elements of the tissues

  3. Essential for various reaction in intermediary metabolism

  4. As a carrier of fat-soluble vitamins

  5. Add palatability and reduce dustiness in feed
• Fatty acid


  basic component of most lipids, which combine with glycerol to form fat or triglyceride
• What are the two types of Fatty Acids

  A. Saturated Fatty AcidsB. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
• Saturated Fatty Acids


  contains no double bonds (-)
• Unsaturated Fatty Acids


  contains one or more double bonds
• What are the example Saturated Fatty Acids

  Example:

  · Butyric

  · Caproic

  · Caprylic

  · Lauric

  · Myristic

  · Palmitic

  · Stearic
• What are the examples of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

  Examples:

  · Palmitoleic

  · Oleic

  · Linoleic

  · Linolenic

  · Arachidonic
• Essential Fatty Acids


  Linoleic, Linolenic and Arachidonic
• Three main Omega-3 Fatty acids are

  o Alpha-linolenic Acid (ALA),

  o Eicosatetraenoic Acid (EPA), and

  o Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (sardines)