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Subdecks (5)
week 6-12
dev
263 cards
3.5
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55 cards
3.4
dev
99 cards
3.3
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71 cards
week 1-5
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1563 cards
Cards (2195)
Cleavage Division
Early cell divisions
in the
embryo
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Pattern Formation
Establishing body axes
A/P
and
D/V
and coordinating systems
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Morphogenesis
Shaping the embryo into a
3D
form
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Growth
Increasing cell numbers through
multiplication
and cell
size
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Cell Differentiation
Cells acquiring specific
structures
and
functions
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Major
Questions
Development of Specific Cell Types
Required
Processes
During Development
Progress in Understanding
Human
Development
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Development of Specific Cell Types
Steps during
embryogenesis
for
cell type formation
(e.g., muscle, blood)
Control mechanisms like gene
expression
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Required Processes During Development
Cell-cell
communication
Cell shape changes,
movement
, proliferation, and
apoptosis
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Progress in Understanding Human Development
New imaging technologies
(e.g., advanced
microscopy
)
Advances in
molecular biology
and genetics (e.g.,
genome sequencing
)
Ability to manipulate development
(e.g.,
gene
/environmental alterations)
Use of model organisms (e.g.,
mouse
,
frog
, fly)
Synergy across scientific fields
(e.g.,
physics
, mathematics, IT)
Communication platforms
(e.g.,
internet resources
)
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Cell Function and Attainment
A
cell
is the basic unit of life, attaining specific functions through gene expression and
protein synthesis
Differentiation and
specialization
lead to diverse cell types with
unique
functions
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Visualization of Cells and Tissues
Light
microscopy
Electron
microscopy
Immunofluorescence
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Histological staining
Reveals
cell structures
and
tissue organization
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Learning from Other Organisms
Comparative embryology studies across species reveal
evolutionary relationships
and
fundamental developmental processes
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Cellular Processes in Development
1.
Cell movement
and interactions are facilitated by the
cytoskeleton
, cell adhesion molecules, and the extracellular matrix
2. Communication between cells through signaling molecules regulates
growth
and
specialization
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Embryonic Development
1.
Fertilization
marks the beginning, leading to germ layer formation during
gastrulation
2. Gestation involves
organogenesis
and tissue
differentiation
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Cell Adhesion and Community Formation
Cell adhesion
molecules mediate
tissue formation
, supporting growth and development
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Balance of Growth and Death
Cell proliferation and apoptosis maintain the
balance
of
cell numbers
during development
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Tissue Types and Development
Epithelial
tissue
Embryonic
stem cells
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Nervous System Development
1. Notochord and
somites
guide neural tube formation, critical for
brain
and spinal cord development
2.
Neural crest cells
contribute to
diverse
cell types in the nervous system
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Muscle, Bone, and Connective Tissue
1. Muscle and bone development involve
cell differentiation
and
tissue organization
2. Blood vessel development (hematopoiesis) is essential for
oxygen transport
and
immune function
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Germline, Sex Determination, and Meiosis
Sex determination and meiosis in
germ
cells establish reproductive potential and
genetic diversity
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Experimental Developmental Biology
Mouse models
Stem
cell
research
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Developmental
disorders
Result from
disruptions
in
normal
developmental processes
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Gestation and Integration of Body Systems
1. Implantation and placental development support fetal
growth
and
nutrient
exchange
2. Integration of body systems ensures
coordinated
function for survival and
homeostasis
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All
organisms
are composed of
cells
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Cell
is the basic unit of
life
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Cells are produced by the
division
of
pre-existing
cells
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Modern Cell Theory
Cells contain
hereditary
information that can be passed on
All cells are essentially comprised of the same
chemical
mix
Cells carry out all basic chemical and
physiological
processes within themselves
Cellular activity depends on
subcellular
structures' activities
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Why Individual Cells?
Efficiency: Increased
surface
area for nutrient/oxygen supply and
waste disposal
Specialization: Different
cells
perform
different
functions
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Subcellular Compartments and Organelles
Plasma
Membrane
Cilia
and
Flagella
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
RER and SER
Golgi Apparatus
Vacuole
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Nucleus
(with nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, and nucleolus)
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Cellular Differentiation and Specialization
Cells
differentiate
to perform specific functions
Transcriptional
control regulates cellular identity and gene expression
Transcription
factors drive gene expression and cell specialization
Master
transcription factors regulate critical developmental stages
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Specialized Cell Types
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Nullipotent
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Gene expression differences
Lead to
cellular specialization
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Specific genes activated or
inactivated
for
specialized
functions
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Red Blood Cells
Specialized for
oxygen
transport, lacking a
nucleus
for increased hemoglobin capacity and flexibility
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Sperm Cells
Specialized for
fertilization
, with distinct regions for movement and
DNA
delivery
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Key Terms/Structures
Plasma Membrane
Cilia
and
Flagella
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum RER
and
SER
Golgi Apparatus
Nucleus
Transcription
Factors
Master
Transcription
Factors
View source
Cells contain
hereditary
information
View source
All
cells
are comprised of the same
chemical
mix
View source
Cells carry out basic
chemical
and
physiological
processes
View source
See all 2195 cards
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