exam prep go crazy

• what is a microorganism in the intestine (normal flora) that can be beneficial?

  bifidobacterium
• what is the term for normal flora preventing growth of harmful bacteria?

  microbial antagonism
• the skin usually has what kind of bacteria in the normal flora?

  g+ rods and cocci
• what kind of bacteria is found in the intestinal tract (normal flora)?

  g- rods

  anaerobes
• streptococci is found in what two parts of the body (normal flora)?

  oral cavity

  urogenital tract
• what is an example of a bacteria found in the normal flora in the skin?

  staphylococci
• what is an example of a bacteria found in the normal flora of the intestinal tracT?

  e. coli

  bifidobacterium
• what is the term for an organism that may cause disease under certain host conditions?

  opportunistic pathogen
• pathogens are the --- agent of disease.

  etiologic
• what are bacterias that come from animals?

  zoonoses
• anthrax is caused by what bacteria?

  bacillus anthracis
• an example of a bacteria that has caused a plague from an animal is ---.

  yersinia pestis
• the bacteria associated with typhoid mary is ---.

  salmonella typhi
• what are the three major factors of nosocomial infections?

  compromised hosts

  chain of transmission

  highly resistant microbes
• an example of immune supression by drug is ---.

  chemotherapy
• an example of immune suppression by disease is ---.

  HIV
• true or false: opportunistic pathogens often normally live in or on us.

  true
• what is the most common site of infection for hospital-acquired microbes?

  urinary tract from catheters
• what is the term for the study of "what causes a disease?"

  etiology
• koch's postulates

  isolate pathogen

  inoculate pathogen, must cause disease

  reisolate and identify same pathogen
• what is the term for the study of disease rates and incidence in a population?

  epidemiology
• what are the three modes of epidemiology?

  descriptive

  analytical

  experimental
• surveying people and records, determining incidence of disease

  descriptive epidemiology
• using data to look for causes of various diseases (risk factors)

  analytical epidemiology
• test hypotheses (clinical trials)

  experimental epidemiology
• what is the term for a disease likely to occur in people in a given area?

  endemic disease
• what is the term for a disease that spreads through populations rapidly?

  epidemic disease
• what is the term for a disease that spreads worldwide?

  pandemic disease
• true or false: a disease can be endemic, epidemic and pandemic

  true
• give an example of a disease that has been endemic, epidemic and pandemic.

  cholera
• fun fact: how many cholera pandemics have there been in the 20th century?

  7
• what two antibodies are found on the surface of b cells?

  IgM

  IgD
• activated b cells become ---.

  plasma cells
• humoral immunity is used for --- organism.

  extracellular
• cell-mediated immunity (cellular) is used for --- organism.

  intracellular
• what cytokine is associated with b cells becoming plasma cells?

  IL-4
• cytotoxic t cells are associated with what class MHC?

  class I
• cytolytic t cells release --- to make lesions in infected cell membrane.

  perforin
• what are the two kinds of helper t-cells?

  Th1

  Th2
• Th1 is associated with what kind of immunity?

  cell-mediated