anatomical terms

• What is anatomy?


  The study of the structure of the body and their relationships to one another
• Surface anatomy


  Surface landmarks that can be studied by sight which correspond to deeper structures hidden from view
• Radiology


  Branch of medical science dealing with use of medical images to diagnose or treat disease

  
  

  e.g. X-rays, computer tomography
• Topographical anatomy is...


  Macroscopic
• Microscopic anatomy is...


  Histology
• Developmental anatomy is..


  Embryology
• Ectoderm derivatives


  Skin epidermis

  CNS

  PNS
• Mesoderm derivatives


  Dermis of skin

  Muscle

  Connective tissue

  Vessels

  Solid viscera
• Endoderm derivatives


  Epithelium of gut and respiratory tract
• Where do we fine epithelial tissue?


  Surface lining of skin (epidermis)

  Parenchyma of solid viscera

  Surface lining of mucosa
• Where do we find connective tissue?

  Connects everything together

  
  

  Dermis and fat, muscle sheths, bone, cartilage
• What are the three types of muscular tissue?

  Skeletal muscle fibres

  Smooth muscle coats (of hollow tubes and organs)

  Cardiac muscle
• Where do we find nervous tissue?

  Brain and spinal cord

  PNS is everywhere else
• Divisions of macroscopic anatomy

  Systemic

  Regional

  Functional
• Systemic anatomy


  Follows systems

  
  

  e.g. cardiovascular, respiratory
• Viscera


  Organ
• Regional anatomy


  Follows region

  
  

  e.g. lower limg
• Functional anatomy


  Correlates between structure and function
• Segments of the body

  Head and neck

  Trunk

  Thorax

  Abdomen

  Pelvis and perineum

  Back

  Upper limbs

  Lower limbs
• What makes up the trunk

  Thorax

  Abdomen

  Pelvis and perineum

  Back
• Anatomical position of reference

  Body is upright, directly facing the observer

  
  

  Feet are flat and forward

  
  

  Upper limbs are at the body's sides

  
  

  Palms are facing forward
• Coronal plane


  Anterior + posterior

  
  

  Creates a front and back part

  
• Sagittal


  Left and right halves

  
• Midsagittal


  Cutting through the midline, cuts are equal size of left and right

  
• Parasagittal


  Off the midline

  
  

  There is a left and right plane but it is not equal

  
• Transverse


  Top and bottom halves

  
  

  E.g. cut through the abdomen

  
• How do you present anatomical images

  Presented to you that it is feet first, with head down the end

  
  

  So therefore things like the heart is on the right, and liver is on the left (opposite for what it is for you personally
• Lateral


  Away from the midline of the body
• Medial


  Towards to the midline of the body
• Superior


  Above
• Inferior


  Below (away from head)
• Proximal


  Near to the trunk of the body

  
  

  e.g. the elbow is proximal to the wrist
• Distal


  Like distant

  
  

  e.g. the wrist is distal to the elbow
• Superficial


  Towards the exterior
• Deep


  Away from the surface

  
  

  Don't say inside, you say deep. Used for things that have layers
• Ventral


  Interchanged with the term anterior

  
  

  Front of the body, the fleshy bits towards the midline
• Dorsal


  Towards the back

  
  

  Everything facing posterior
• Palmar surface


  Ventral or anterior surface of the hand

  
  

  e.g. palm of hand, sole of foot
• Dorsal surface


  Back

  
  

  E.g. back of the hand, top of the foot
• Cranial


  Towards the head