cold war

• Tehran Conference


  1943 Big 3-WC, FDR, JS: disagree on German reparations, idea of the UN

  USSR to wage war on Japan after Gmy

  Percentages Agreement
• Yalta Conference


  1945 BIg 3, divide up gmy(+Berlin), eastern europe as "sphere of influence" (Stalin wanted Poland "for protection"), disagreements of ideology

  
• Potsdam Conference


  1945 Truman, Stalin, Atlee- future of Germany (4 zones, demilitarised, ban Nazis, democracy), most reparations to USSR (20 mil Russians killed), Polish borders extended to USSR.

  Truman wanted free elections for Germany, Stalin said no

  
• Hiroshima/Nagasaki


  August 1945 20+22 kiloton atomic bomb kills 80k+70k (little boy+fat man)

  
• Hostile Speeches


  1946 "communism & capitalism are incompatible"

  "Churchill is like a war-monger" --> iron curtain "has fallen over Europe"
• Telegrams


  1946 'Long' and 'Novikov'

  L: Stalin called for destruction of capitalism and had built up his army (Moscow-> DC)

  N: US to dominate the world, American public preparing for war w/ USSR (DC->Moscow)
• Truman Doctrine


  March 1947 Mainly in Greece, Containment, 'No country should be forced into communism', USA would fight for liberty and sent troops and money to european governments threatened by communism

  
• Marshall Plan


  June 1947 ('2 halves of same walnut') $13bil. aid to europe but actually spent $17bil. by 1953. offers money and machinery to stop countries turning to USSR, taken by 16 countries (discussed @ Paris conference)

  
• Cominform


  1947 Political. Coordinate communist parties and strengthen sphere- ensured states followed Soviet aims and foreign policy. Made sure they remained loyal to Stalin. Made them refuse offers from the West (e.g. Marshall Aid)

  France 1947: 2million (communist) workers strike against Marshall Plan

  5% of Hungary in prison by 1953
• Comecon


  1949 Financial. Stalin's version of Marshall Plan. Control economies and access resources. Prevent trade with the West. Official alliances-> 2 camps.
• USSR takeover


  (Eastern Europe) 1947-1949

  Red Army intimidating. Communist governments supported Stalin-benefits.

  Czech: only 1 non-commy in govt. found dead under open window (lol)

  Stalins opponents=weak (incl. Gmy -divided)

  +cominform

  Allies didn't help
• Berlin Crisis


  June 1948 -1st confrontation of Cold War

  USSR intimidated by Trizonia, concerns Stalin- suspends all road and rail into Berlin and shut off power to prove that divided Germany didn't work & cut off West from capital.
• Berlin Airlift


  1948-1949 : 1k tonnes of supplies every day.

  total 1.5mil tonnes. Planes land every 3 mins.

  propaganda success for USA. USSR couldn't shoot down planes+parachutes (hot war) Stalin ends blockade in May.
• NATO


  1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation: military alliance amongst western capitalists
• Warsaw Pact


  1955 Khrushchev's version of NATO for Eastern Bloc
• USSR A bomb


  1949

  
• USA H bomb


  1952: 450x more powerful than the Abomb dropped on Japan- tested in 1954- 15 tonnes of TNT
• USSR H bomb


  1953

  (3 million troops)

  1961: USSR detonate H bomb larger than USA's
• USA nuclear spending


  1957-1959: spending on missiles increased by 20%,

  NASA founded
• Sputnik Satellite


  1957- can now launch rockets out of the atmosphere and guide to target

  
• Death of Stalin


  1953 :o

  
• USA satellite


  1958 put into orbit
• 1st man on the moon

  1969 Neil Armstrong (USA)

  
• 1st man in space

  Yuri Gagarin 1961 (USSR)

  
• USA arms


  1961: $32bil. on defence, $207 mil on nuclear shelters

  USA 20x more weapons than USSR

  
• Germany Refugees


  1949-1961: 2.7million refugees East->West
• Khrushchev Speech


  1956 denounces Stalin as "Evil Tyrant" (shocker!)

  Destalinisation
• Hungarian Uprising


  Oct 1956 Gero (within communist party) opposed Rakosi (bald butcher) killed 2k, imprisoned 387k.

  (student demonstrations, stalin statue decapitated in Budapest)

  Nagy forms new govt. free elections, general freedom etc, announces leaving Warsaw pact uh oh but Eisenhower doesn't give aid

  
• Hungarian Crisis


  Nov 1956 Tanks roll in. Khrushchev angry, worried about sphere and domino effect +looking weak

  3k Hungarians, 8k Russians killed, 200k Hungarians go to Austria, Nagy imprisoned and killed

  new dude: Kadar

  30k anti-commies arrested

  
• 6 month ultimatum take 1

  1958: Khrushchev gives Eisenhower 6 months to withdraw Allied troops from West Berlin
• Cuban Revolution


  1958/9: Fidel Castro overthrows President Batista in revolution

  
• Geneva Summit


  1959: representatives form the USA+ USSR make plans for leaders to meet, no agreement reached about ultimatum
• Camp David


  1959: Khrushchev visits Eisenhower for talks, ultimatum withdrawn
• Lunar robot landing


  1960: USSR lands 1st robot on the moon (space race)

  Khrushchev: USA is "sleeping under a red moon"
• Paris Summit


  1960: day before-American U2 spy plane shot down in USSR -> Eisenhower refuses to apologise, Khrushchev walks out of meeting
• Bay of Pigs


  April 1961: US-backed anti-Castro Cubans attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro but fail (makes US look bad)

  
• Vienna Summit


  1961: Khrushchev sees JFK as inexperienced and reinstates ultimatum (but JFK wont back down, esp after looking weak @ bay of pigs)

  
• Berlin Wall


  August 1961: barbed wire goes up night of 12th, becomes guarded concrete wall

  End of free East <-> West access

  JFK: "a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war"

  
• Cuban Missile Crisis


  Sept 1962: Khrushchev sends 114 ships of offensive nuclear weapons to Cuba

  October 1962: '13 days' - U2 spy plane shot down in Cuba, JFK enforces military blockade (Soviet ships turn around)

  
• Start of Detente?


  1963: hotline installed in the aftermath of CMC

  JFK: "common interests" "ich bin ein Berliner"