RAWS

• Reading


  • It is not an easy task
  • Complex cognitive process
  • Transmission of images
  • A language skill that can be developed through constant practice
• Reading process


  1. Pre-reading: Induce the reader's motivation to read and activate their schema or background knowledge

  2. While reading: Reread the text until you fully understand its meaning

  3. Post-reading: Check the understanding of the text
• Basic reading skills


  • Vocabulary acquisition
  • Pre-reading strategies
  • Textual comprehension
  • Organizational skills
  • Response techniques
• Types of reading


  • Rapid reading: Locate specific information or main idea in a very short span of time
  • Skimming: Get the main idea by reading through the text quickly
  • Scanning: Get specific information from a given text
• Pre-viewing


  A skill where a reader looks over a material and focuses on the information they find relevant
• Inferential reading


  The process of deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text (reading between the lines)
• Literal reading


  Involves the understanding of ideas and facts that are directly stated in the printed material (explicit, summarizing & paraphrasing)
• Critical reading


  The close and thorough evaluation of the claims in the text in terms of relevance, validity, and logic (distinguishing facts from opinion and detecting logical fallacies)
• Types of reading


  • Developmental reading: Systematic instruction to develop reading skills
  • Pleasure reading: Passive reading for enjoyment and entertainment
  • Functional reading: Help students learn basic functional reading ability
  • Remedial reading: Correct the effects of poor teaching and poor learning
• Patterns of development


  The logical arrangement of ideas that helps you to follow ideas easily, as well as recognize and predict ideas to understand a text better
• Patterns of development


  • Definition: Clarifying ideas
  • Exemplification/Classification: General statements with specific and concrete examples
  • Description: Provides details on the idea using sensory or spatial pattern prepositions
  • Chronology/Procedure/Listing: Organizes ideas chronologically
  • Cause and Effect/Problem-Solution: Organizes details based on cause and result
  • Compare and Contrast: Organizes ideas based on similarities and differences
  • Persuasion: Organizes ideas to show how evidence leads to logical conclusions
• Presenting someone else's works as your own is plagiarism
• Plagiarism is punishable by law based on the Copyright Infringement under Section 217 of R.A No. 8293 or the Intellectual Property Code
• Summarizing


  Putting the main idea(s) into your own words but including only the main point(s)
• Paraphrasing


  Putting a passage from a source into your own words
• Direct quoting


  A short part of a text, an exact copy of words from a source
• Criteria in evaluating sources


  • Relevance to the topic
  • Author's qualification
  • Date of publication
  • Accuracy of information
  • Location of sources
• Reference citations


  Bibliographic entries of all references used by the writer, appearing in the reference list
• In-text citations


  Citing the details of the reference used in a certain part of the essay
• The American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the 7th Edition of the Publication Manual in October 2019, replacing the 6th Edition published in 2009
• The 7th Edition provides a foundation for effective scholarly communication by helping authors present their ideas in a clear, concise, and organized manner
• APA style guidelines


  • Avoid contractions and colloquialisms
  • Use "I" in place of editorial "We"
  • Use "that" and "which" for animals and inanimate objects, rather than "who"
  • Numerals under 10 should be spelled out; 10 and above expressed as a number
• In-text citation formats


  • Parenthetical: (Karas, 2020), (Sipacio & Barrot, 2014), (Sipacio et al., 2014), (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85)
  • Narrative: Karas (2020), Sipacio and Barrot (2014), Sipacio et al. (2014), Gass and Varonis (1084) at beginning and (para. 8) at the end
• Blockquote


  Indent the text ½" instead of using quotation marks
• Reference list elements


  • Name
  • Date
  • Title
  • Name of Journal
  • Volume Number
  • Issue Number
  • Page
  • DOI