national minorities

• widespread discontent
• Russian troops killed 70 during general strike in Riga


  Jan 31st
• Russification intensfies after 1881
• 93 dead in similar circumstances in Warsaw

  Following day
• Massacre in Odessa


  Mid-June
• Massacre in Odessa


  1. Striking workers and mutinous battleship Potemkin crew joined

  2. Approximately 2,000 deaths and 3,000 gravely injured
• Spread of Unrest to Minorities

  • National minorities demanded end to Russification
  • National minorities sought autonomy
• Polish Resistance


  • Conservative Polish elites demanded autonomy for Kingdom of Poland
  • Polish socialists, led by Jozef Pilsudski, sought complete independence
• Uprising in Lodz


  Crushed by 300,000 Russian troops
• Unrest in Baltic Region and Caucasus


  • Demands took on nationalist character
  • Calls for local language and cultural rights in schools
• Imperial edict on freedom of worship

  April 17
• Hundreds of thousands abandoned Orthodox Church for Uniate Catholicism
• Dissolution of restrictions on Ukrainian language
• Ukrainophiles and Russian nationalists


  United against Polish influence