Criminology Unit 4

• CCPPPLM 


  Courts

  Campaigns for change

  Police

  Prison

  Probation

  Legislators

  Ministry of Justice
• Who are the two types of legislators

  Parliament

  Judges
• Parliamentary Law Making 


  Bill

  1st and 2nd reading

  Committee Stage

  Report Stage

  3rd reading

  Royal Assent

  Act of Parliament
• Cases that set precedent

  Donoghue v Steveson

  Daniel v White
• Literal Rule Case 


  Cheeseman
• Golden Rule 


  Adler
• Mischief Rule


  RCN v DHSS
• Who Parliament work with


  Police (enforce the law, arrest and collect evidence)

  Judges (set judicial precedent)

  Ministry of Justice (home office oversees justice system)
• Who Police work with


  Courts (give evidence, provide protection for vulnerable witnesses)

  CPS (advise charge for police to give, follow CPS guidelines for prosecution)

  Probation (work with to manage offenders)

  Prison service (arrest those recalled back)
• Who HM Prison Service work with


  Courts (supervise defendants that are refused bail)

  Police (facilitate interviews with prisoners for ongoing investigation)

  CPS (liaise when prisoners can be released on license)

  Judge (set terms of imprisonment)

  Probation Service (works together when a prisoner is to be released)
• Who Ministry of Justice work with

  Courts (execute the law)

  CPS (hold people account)

  Probation Service (help turn people’s lives around)

  Prison Service (reform offenders)
• Who National Probation Service work with

  Prison (supervises prisoners on release)

  Courts (assist sentencing and supervise punishment given by court)

  Police (rearrest anyone breaching the terms of their license)
• Who CPS work with

  Police (build evidence for a case and advise lines of enquires)

  Courts (prepare appeals against unduly lenient sentences)
• Crime Control

  • Right Realism
  • Functionalism
  • Presumption of guilt
  • Victims rights rather than the defendants rights
• Due Process Model

  • Left Realism
  • Labelling Theory
  • Assumption of innocence
• Crime Control Cases

  • Steve Fulcher (broke the technicalitlies of PACE in the Haliwell case)
  • Colin Stagg (police pushed boundaries to find guilt)
• Due Process Model Case

  • Sally Clark (non disclosure of evidence)
  • Colin Stagg (entrapment)
• What is right realism 


  Zero Tolerance
• What is left realism 


  inequality is the main cause of crime
• Freud 


  Supergo - thinking right all the time

  Ego - rational thinking

  Id - selfish psychopathic nature
• Skinner Operant

  • Reward or Punishment
  • Token Economy
  • Reward (recreational time)
  • Punishment (solitary confinement)
• Hirschi

  Positive bonds make society

  • attachment
  • commitment
  • involvement
  • belief
• Reckless 


  Inner and Outer containment

  • inner (family and upbringing)
  • outer (social groups and laws)
• Riley and Shaw


  Lack of parental supervision leads to a high rate of offending
• Internal forms of social control

  • Freud
  • Morals, family, friends
• External form of social control

  • Skinner operant
  • Fear of punishment
  • Coercion
• Control Theory

  • Hirschi
  • Reckless
  • Riley and Shaw
  • case example: Eileen Warnous
• RRRDDP


  Retribution

  Rehabilitation

  Reparation

  Deterrence

  Denunciation

  Public Protection
• Retribution

  • Based on revenge (eye for an eye)
  • Must be proportional to offence
  • Coroners and Justice Act 2009
  • Frances Inglis (killed her son in a coma due to suffering
• Retribution Criticisms

  • Who decides what’s proportionate?
  • Punishments deserves forgiveness to make amends
  • Rehabilitation could be a better option
• Rehabilitation

  • Reformation
  • Tries to fix young offenders
  • Skinner operant
  • Treatment programmes are more common
• Rehabilitation Criticisms

  • Marxism- shifts responsibility to the individual instead of how capitalism leads to crime
  • Right realists argues many reoffend
• Reparation

  • About making amends
  • Restorative Justice (Functionalism)
  • case: Ronald Cotton who met victim who wrongly identified him
• Reparation Criticisms

  • May not work for all crimes e.g. sex attack victims
  • Can be seen as too soft of a punishment
• Denunciation

  • Shows communities that the offending behaviour is inappropriate
  • Functionalism (sets boundaries and allows social cohesion)
• Denunciation Criticisms

  • Labelling can lead to self fulfilling prophecies
• Deterrence

  • Fear of being caught is usually enough
  • Social Learning Theory
  • Rational Choice Theory
  • 69% of children and 44% of adults reoffend in a year
• Deterrence Criticisms

  • Severity vs Certainty doesn’t work
  • Assumes offenders would be bothered
  • Most people follow the law because it’s the law
• Public Protection

  • Prevents reoffending
  • Keeps general public safe
  • Right Realists see prison as a form of public protection
• Public Protection Criticisms

  • ‘Warehousing Offenders’ is not a solution
  • The Crime Sentencing Act protects the public by giving mandatory sentences