FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING MIDTERMS

• The intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and/or evaluating information gathered from or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning or communication, as a guide to belief and action.


  CRITICAL THINKING
• Essential to safe , competent and skillful nursing practice.

  CRITICAL THINKING SKILL
• Nurses use critical thinking skills in a variety of ways 


  Nurses use knowledge from other subjects and fields. Nurses deal with change in stressful environments Nurses make important decisions
• A major component of critical thinking. A thinking that results in the development of new ideas and product. The ability to develop and implement new and better solutions.


  CREATIVITY
• Using creativity, nurses: Generate many ideas properly. Are generally flexible and natural Create original solutions to problems Tend to be independent and selfconfident, even when under pressure. Demonstrate individuality
• Critical thinking allows nurses to identify potential problems, anticipate outcomes, and take proactive measures to prevent adverse events.
• Critical Thinking is an essential part of professional nursing practice. It involves using reasoned judgment to analyze situations, evaluate evidence, draw conclusions, and determine appropriate courses of action.
• It enables nurses to think critically about their own beliefs and values, challenge assumptions, and consider alternative perspectives.
• the nurse obtains information that clarifies the nature of the problem and suggests possible solutions. The nurse then carefully evaluates the possible solutions and chooses the best one to implement. The situation is carefully monitored over time to ensure its initial and continued effectiveness


  PROBLEM SOLVING
• The nurse does not discard the other solutions but holds them in reserve in the event that the first solution is not effective. The nurse may also encounter a similar problem in a different client situation where an alternative solution is determined to be the most effective. Therefore, problem solving for one situation contributes to the nurse’s body of knowledge for problem solving in similar situations
• NURSING PROCESS CONTAIN THE WHAT?


  ADPIE
• Systematic, client-centered method for structuring nursing care delivery.

  Involves gathering and analyzing data to identify client strengths and health problems.

  Develops and continually reviews a plan of nursing interventions for achieving agreed outcomes.

  • Nurse works closely with the client at every stage to individualize care and build mutual regard and trust.

  NURSING PROCESS
• What are the characteristics of nursing process


  client centered ,Data from each phase provides input into the next phase.an adaptation of problem solving and systems theory, Decision making is involved in every phase of the nursing process.
• The nursing process interpersonal and collaborative. The universally applicable characteristic of the nursing process means that it is used as a framework for nursing care in all types of health care settings, with clients of all age groups. Nurses must use a variety of critical thinking skills to carry out the nursing process.
• is collecting, organizing, validating and recording data about a client’s health status.

  assessment
• It is the systematic and continuous collection, organization, validation and documentation of data.

  assessment
• The assessment process involves four closely related activities

  collecting data, organizing data, validating data and documenting data
• Nursing assessments focus on a client’s responses to a health problem
• A nursing assessment should include the client’s perceived needs, health problems, related experience, health practices, values and lifestyles.
• the process of gathering information about a client’s health status. It must be both systematic and continuous to prevent the omission of significant data and reflect a client’s health status.


  data collection
• is all the information about a client; it includes the nursing history, physical assessment, primary care provider’s history and physical examination, results of laboratory and diagnostic tests and material contributed by other health personnel.

  database
• also referred to as symptoms or covert data. These are apparent only to the person affected and can be described only by that person.


  subjective data
• subjective data is also known as 


  symptoms , covert data
• also referred to as signs or overt data. These are detectable by an observer or can be measured or tested against an accept standard.


  objective data
• objective data also known as

  signs , overt data
• information that does not change over time.

  constant data
• – can change quickly, frequently or rarely

  variable data
• what are the sources of data

  client ,support people , client hr, healthcare professional, literature
• gather data using the five senses

  observing
• – planned communication or a conversation with a purpose


  interview
• – highly structured and elicits specific information


  direct interview
• r rapport building interview where the nurse allows the client to control the purpose, subject matter and pacing of the conversation.


  non directive interview
• or physical examination that uses observational skills to detect health problems

  examining
• A clinical judgment about individual, family, community responses to actual or potential health problems/life processes. This provides basis for the selection of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse is accountable.

  nursing dx
• is a judgment made only after thorough, systematic data collection

  nursing dx
• because diagnosing involves problem identification, it is important to understand what a problem is as differentiated from signs, symptoms or treatments

  health problems
• characteristics of health problems It requires intervention in order to prevent or resolve illness or to facilitate coping. It involves or results in ineffective coping/adaptation or daily living that is not satisfying to the client. It is an undesirable client state.
• components of nursing dx

  PROBLEM STATEMENT ETIOLOGY SIGN AND SYMPTOMPS
• DIAGNOSTIC LABEL) - Describes client’s health problem or response. - Ex: Impaired swallowing; ineffective thermoregualtion


  PROBLEM STATEMENT
• (RELATED FACTORS & RISK FACTORS) - identifies one or more probable causes of the health problem, gives direction to the required nursing intervention and enables the nurse to individualize the client’s care; includes client behaviors, environmental factors or the interaction of the two Ex. Ineffective breastfeeding related to breast engorgement; Impaired physical mobility: inability to walk related to knee joint stiffness and pain.


  ETIOLOGY