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Drugs and Behavior
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Subdecks (5)
Chapter 5
Drugs and Behavior
19 cards
Chapter 4
Drugs and Behavior
43 cards
Chapter 1
Drugs and Behavior
21 cards
Chapter 3
Drugs and Behavior
38 cards
Chapter 2
Drugs and Behavior
50 cards
Cards (194)
Drug
A substance that alters the
physiology
of the body but is not a food or
nutrient
Names of drugs
Chemical
name
Generic
name
Trade
name
Drug dosages
Metric
and
effectiveness
(X mg/kg)
Dose response curve
Median effective dose (ED50)
Dose at which
50%
effected
Median lethal dose (LD50)
Dose at which
50%
died
Potency
Difference in
ED50
Effectiveness
Difference in maximum
effect
Antagonism
One drug diminishes impact of another (DRC shifts to
right
,
reducing
potency)
Additive effect
Shifts the DRC to the
left
, increasing
potency
Superadditive
effect or potentiation
Combining drugs
increases
their effectiveness
beyond
expected
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Distribution
Elimination
Routes of drug administration
Parenteral
Inhalation
Oral
Transdermal
Parenteral
Requires
vehicle
solution (e.g. 0.9% NaCl)
Four common types: subcutaneous (sc.),
intramuscular
(i.m.), intraperitoneal (i.p.),
intravenous
(i.v.)
Inhalation
Inhaled drugs dissolve into the
moist mucous membrane
and are distributed more quickly to the
brain
than through other routes
Oral
Drugs pass through the
intestines
of the digestive system
Lipid-soluble
drugs can pass through the lipid bilayer, charged (ionized) drugs
cannot
pH
Measure of
hydrogen
ion (H+) concentration
Determines
ionization
of drugs
Transdermal
Epidermis
is impermeable to
water
Some drugs like
nicotine
and
scopolamine
can be administered transdermally
Factors affecting drug distribution
Lipid solubility
Capillary pores
Blood-brain barrier
Passive
and
active transport
Protein-binding
Placental barrier
Excretion and metabolism
Kidneys
Liver
Metabolism
Enzymes change the structure of drugs, often making them less active, less
toxic
, and more likely to ionize in the
kidneys
Rate of elimination
Faster
at higher concentrations
Half-life
: time to reduce concentration to
half
Factors that alter drug metabolism
Heavy
alcohol
drinking increases enzyme induction
Enzyme depression
Disulfiram competes with acetylaldehyde for aldehyde
dehydrogenase
,
slowing
down metabolism
Age
Enzyme systems
take time to develop after birth, so drug metabolism is
different
in infants
Liver
functioning
declines
with age
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