APPENDICULAR

• Pectoral (shoulder) girdle


  The two main divisions of the skeletal system are the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones that make up the upper and lower limbs as well as the bones of the two girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

  
• Function of the appendicular skeleton

  • Movement
• The bones of the appendicular skeleton are connected with one another and with skeletal muscles, permitting you to do things such as walk, write, use a computer, dance, swim, and play a musical instrument.

  
• Contribution of the appendicular skeleton to homeostasis

  • Providing attachment points and leverage for muscles, which aids body movements
  • Providing support and protection of internal organs, such as the genital organs
  • Storing and releasing calcium
• RUNNER'S KNEE IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED BY RUNNERS
• Pectoral (shoulder) girdle


  The two pectoral girdles that attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton by a series of muscles
• Bones of the pectoral girdle

  • Clavicle
  • Scapula

  
• Clavicle


  The anterior bone of the pectoral girdle that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint

  
• Scapula


  The posterior bone of the pectoral girdle that articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint and with the humerus at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

  
• The pectoral girdles do not articulate with the vertebral column and are held in position and stabilized by a group of large muscles that extend from the vertebral column and ribs to the scapula.
• Clavicle


  • Slender, S-shaped
  • Subcutaneous (under the skin) and easily palpable along its length
  • Rougher and more curved in males
• Sternal end of the clavicle

  Rounded and articulates with the manubrium of the sternum to form the sternoclavicular joint
• Acromial end of the clavicle

  Broad, flat, and articulates with the acromion of the scapula to form the acromioclavicular joint
• Conoid tubercle


  A point of attachment for the conoid ligament, which attaches the clavicle and scapula
• Impression for the costoclavicular ligament

  A point of attachment for the costoclavicular ligament, which attaches the clavicle and first rib
• Scapula


  • Large, triangular, flat bone
  • Situated in the superior part of the posterior thorax between the levels of the second and seventh ribs

  
• Spine of the scapula


  A prominent ridge that runs diagonally across the posterior surface of the scapula
• Acromion


  The lateral end of the spine that projects as a flattened, expanded process and articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint
• Glenoid cavity


  A shallow depression inferior to the acromion that accepts the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
• Medial (vertebral) border of the scapula

  The thin edge of the scapula closer to the vertebral column

  
• Lateral (axillary) border of the scapula

  The thick edge of the scapula closer to the arm
• Coracoid process


  A projection of the anterior surface at the lateral end of the superior border of the scapula, to which tendons of muscles and ligaments attach
• Supraspinous fossa


  A surface of attachment for the supraspinatus muscle of the shoulder
• Infraspinous fossa


  A surface of attachment for the infraspinatus muscle of the shoulder
• Subscapular fossa


  A slightly hollowed-out area on the anterior surface of the scapula that serves as a surface of attachment for the subscapularis muscle
• Bones of the upper limb

  • Humerus (in the arm)
  • Ulna and radius (in the forearm)
  • 8 carpals (in the carpus/wrist), 5 metacarpals (in the metacarpus/palm), and 14 phalanges (in the digits/fingers)

  
• Humerus


  The longest and largest bone of the upper limb that articulates proximally with the scapula to form the shoulder joint and distally with the ulna and radius to form the elbow joint

  
• Proximal end of the humerus

  • Rounded head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
  • Greater tubercle, a lateral projection distal to the anatomical neck
  • Lesser tubercle, a projection that projects anteriorly
  • Intertubercular sulcus, a groove between the two tubercles

  
• Anatomical neck of the humerus


  An oblique groove distal to the head, which is the former site of the epiphyseal (growth) plate in an adult humerus

  
• Surgical neck of the humerus

  A constriction just distal to the tubercles where fractures often occur
• Radius


  One of the two bones of the forearm that articulates proximally with the capitellum of the humerus and distally with the ulna and the carpals

  
• Radial tuberosity


  A roughened area on the anteromedial side of the radius, inferior to the head, that is a point of attachment for the tendons of the biceps brachii muscle
• Styloid process of the radius

  A projection on the lateral side of the distal end of the radius that provides attachment for the brachioradialis muscle and the radial collateral ligament of the wrist
• Ulna


  One of the two bones of the forearm that articulates proximally with the trochlea of the humerus and distally with the radius

  
• Trochlear notch of the ulna


  Where the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus at the elbow joint
• Interosseous membrane


  A broad, flat, fibrous connective tissue that joins the bodies of the ulna and radius and provides a site of attachment for some of the deep skeletal muscles of the forearm
• Proximal radioulnar joint


  Where the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
• Distal radioulnar joint


  Where the head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius
• Radiocarpal (wrist) joint


  Where the distal end of the radius articulates with two bones of the wrist (carpus)

  
• Carpals


  • Scaphoid
  • Lunate
  • Triquetrum
  • Pisiform (proximal row)
  • Trapezium
  • Trapezoid
  • Capitate
  • Hamate (distal row)