RAWS

• Reading


  Not an effortless task, requires complex cognitive process, transmission of images, a language skill that can be developed through constant practice
• Reading Process


  1. Prereading - Aims to induce the readers' motivation to read and to activate their schema or background knowledge

  2. While-Reading - Rereading the text until you fully understand its meaning

  3. Post-reading - Checking the understanding of the text
• Basic Reading Skills


  • Vocabulary acquisition
  • Pre-reading strategies
  • Textual comprehension
  • Organizational skills
  • Response techniques
• Mastering basic reading skills

  Enables a reader to increase their reading speed, comprehension, and overall vocabulary
• Basic Reading Skills


  • Rapid Reading - Aims to locate specific information or main idea in a very short span of time
  • Skimming - Getting the main idea by reading through the text quickly
  • Scanning - Aims to get specific information from a given text
• Previewing


  A skill wherein a reader looks over a material and focuses on the information he/she finds relevant, involves clarifying the purpose, reading the title and headings, and checking the illustration and other visuals
• Inferential Reading


  The process of deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text, reading between the lines, ideas are drawn from facts or details in the text
• Literal Reading


  Involves the understanding of ideas and facts that are directly stated in the printed material, Summarizing and Paraphrasing
• Critical Reading


  The close and thorough evaluation of the claims in the text in terms of relevance, validity, and logic, distinguishing facts from opinion and detecting logical fallacies
• Types of Reading


  • Developmental Reading - A systematic instruction which aims to develop the students' reading skills
  • Pleasure Reading - A more passive type of reading that primarily aims to provide enjoyment and entertainment
  • Functional Reading - Designed to help students learn basic functional reading ability
  • Remedial Reading - Aims to correct the effects of poor teaching and poor learning
• Patterns of Development


  • Definition
  • Exemplification/Classification
  • Description
  • Chronology/Procedure/Listing
  • Cause and Effect/Problem-solution
  • Comparison and Contrast
  • Persuasion
• Definition


  Helps in clarifying ideas by answering the question, what does it mean?
• Exemplification/Classification


  Organizes the idea; represents the general statement and provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea and clarify a point, argument, or concept
• Description


  A pattern that provides details on the idea by using sensory or spatial pattern or arranges ideas by location or physical space
• Chronology/Procedure/Listing


  A pattern that organizes ideas or events chronologically according to time. It can be in the form of narration, process, or enumeration
• Cause and Effect/Problem-Solution


  A pattern that organizes details based on the cause (problem), and the result (solution) of a certain action or phenomenon
• Compare and Contrast


  A pattern that organizes ideas based on how similar or different two concepts from one and another
• Persuasion


  A pattern that organizes ideas to show how set of evidence leads to logical conclusion, Three essential elements: issue, position, and supporting evidences
• Summarizing


  Putting the main idea(s) into your own words but including only the main point(s)
• Paraphrasing


  Putting a passage from a source into your own words
• Direct Quoting


  An exact copy of words from a source, usually a short part of a text
• When to use Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Direct Quoting


  • Summarize - A text that has long citations like a page or a chapter of a book or the book itself; a paragraph of an essay or the essay itself, to avoid or minimize direct quotation
  • Paraphrase - A short text with one or two sentences or a paragraph with a minimum of five sentences, to avoid or minimize direct quotation, to rewrite the author's words in your own words without changing the message or the author's ideas
  • Direct Quote - A text that conveys a powerful message or will show less impact if paraphrased or summarize like government documents, philosophies, monographs, or other scholarly materials, to begin your discussion with the author's stand, to highlight the author's expertise in your claim, argument, or discussion
• Criteria in Evaluating Sources

  • Accuracy of Information
  • Relevance to the Topic
  • Author's Qualification
  • Date of Publication
  • Location of Sources
• Relevance to the Topic

  How well does the source support your topic? Check the title and headers of the text, look at the table of contents, summary/abstract and the introduction
• Author's Qualification


  Is the author's background related to the topic? If the source does not have an author, think twice before using it, check the author's name, previous works, contact information, as well as, sources and citations
• Date of Publication


  When is the work published? The date of publication should be at most five years earlier (2019-present), in most fields, the data from older publications may no longer be valid
• Accuracy of Information


  How is the author's tone and style of writing? The tone of the author towards his/her subject must be formal, it must not sound biased or prejudiced, there should be no words or phrases that are unacceptable in English Formal Writing
• Location of Sources


  Where is the source published? Avoid using blogs or Wiki sites, it must have complete publication information, in Academic Writing, reputable sites are those with edu., gov., net., and org. in URL
• Why do we cite?

  • To give credit to the author of the original work
  • To promote scholarly writing
  • To help your target audience
  • To identify your original source
• Forms of Citation


  • In-Text Citation
  • Reference Citation
• Reference Citation


  The bibliographic entries of all references used by the writer, appears in the references list found at the last part of the paragraph
• In-Text Citation


  Requires the writer to cite the details of the reference used in a certain part of their essay
• In October 2019, the American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the 7th Edition of the Publication Manual, which replaces the 6th Edition published in 2009
• APA Regulates


  • Style and language
  • Document format
  • In-text citations
  • References
• Disciplines that use APA

  • Education
  • Psychology
  • Sciences
  • Social Sciences
• APA Style Guidelines


  • Use clear, concise language; avoid contractions and colloquialisms
  • Use "I" in place of editorial "we"
  • On-human relative pronouns like "that," and "which" are recommended for animals and inanimate objects, rather than "who"
  • Numerals under 10 should be spelled out; 10 and above expressed as a number
  • Do not use "he" or "she" as a generic pronoun; it is acceptable to use "they" or rephrase the sentence
  • Instead of using adjectives as nouns to label groups of people, descriptive phrases are preferred
  • Past tense verbs should be used to refer to events that occurred at a specific point in the past (such as a researcher's work)
  • Avoid biased language that reveals disability, gender, sex, race, socio-economic status
  • Instead of broad categories, you should use exact age ranges that are more relevant and specific
• The American Psychological Association (APA) style regulates in-text citations and references
• The American Psychological Association (APA) style regulates direct quotations