READING AND WRITING NI MA'AM CEZAR

• Critical reading - it is engaging in analytic activity which involves the reader by asking questions
• Reasoning - an act of giving statements for justification and explanation
• STEPS USED IN CRITICAL READING AS REASONING

  1. Identifying assertions - identify by common type of assertion
  2. Formulating a counterclaim - to rebut a previous claim
  3. Determining Evidence - Evidence is the details given by the authors to support
• Hedges - words or phrases that give a courteous tone
• Evaluative statement - states one's sound judgment about something or to be factual, substantial, and unbiased
• TWO WAYS OF FORMULATING EVALUATIVE STATEMENTS

  1. Formulating assertions
  2. Counterclaim
• Assertions - declarative sentences that give one's belief
• Good critical reader - logically evaluates whether the claims of the writer are true or false
• FOUR TYPES OF ASSERTIONS

  1. Fact - a statement that can be proven objectively
  2. Convention - similar to traditions are norms (historical precedents, laws rules, customs)
  3. Opinions - based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify
  4. Preference - personal choice
• Counterclaim - to rebut a previous claim
• 4 ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENT

  1. Claim - asserts facts based on one's understanding
  2. Counterclaim - opposite of claim or contradicts one's claim
  3. Reactions - explanation behind a party's claim
  4. Evidence - proves the truth of a claim