Biological Classification 🌷✨

• who classified two kingdom classification ? mention its limitations .

  Linnaeus classified into Kingdom to PLANTAE and ANIMALIA.

  • didn't distinguish b/w eukaryotes and prokaryotes .
  • unicellular and multicellular
  • photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic
• On what basis did RH Whittaker propose a five-kingdom classification?

  MONERA , PROTISTA, FUNGI, PLANTAE , ANIMALIA

  • cell structure
  • body organisation
  • mode of nutrition
  • reproduction
  • phylogenetic relationships
• bacteria based on their shapes.

  there are four

  • cocci
  • bacilli
  • spirilla
  • vibrio
• which bacteria is called the ' primitive bacteria '

  Archaebacteria
• Three types of Archaebacteria

  they are

  • HALOPHILES (salty areas)
  • THERMOACIDOPHILES (extreme heat)
  • METHANOGENS (marshy areas)
• Methanogens importance

  they are :

  • present in the gut of ruminant animals like cows for breaking down of cellulose
  • production of methane (biogas)
• ------ oxidise various inorganic substances and use the released energy for ATP production 


  chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
• name Kingdom Protista

  they are

  • Chrysophytes
  • dinoflagellates
  • euglenoids
  • slime moulds
  • protozoans - (amoeboid, ciliated, flagellated, sporozoans)
• Characteristic features of Chrysophytes

  following -

  • mostly photosynthetic
  • aka diatoms and golden algae
  • cell walls overlapping to look like a soapbox
  • walls embedded with silica thus indestructible (gritty)
  • diatoms leave large amounts of cell walls -> diatomaceous earth
  • used in polishing, filtration of oils etc
  • aka chief producers in oceans
• Write about Euglenoids

  following :

  • instead of cell wall -> protein layer PELLICLE
  • two flagella
  • photosynthetic in presence of light , otherwise behave like heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organisms
  • euglena
• SLIME MOULDS

  ->

  • saprophytic protists
  • suitable conditions ->form aggregation called plasmodium which may grow over several feet
  • unfavorable conditions -> Plasmodium differentiates , forming fruiting bodies bearing spores at tips
  • extremely resistant
• amoeboid protozoans 


  -> Live in freshwater, sea, and moist places

  -> Capture prey by putting out pseudopodia

  -> entamoeba
• FLAGELLATED PROTOZOANS 


  either free-living or parasitic

  have flagella

  parasitic forms cause diseases (sleeping sickness)

  Trypanosoma
• CILIATED PROTOZOANS

  They are

  • aquatic
  • actively moving because of the presence of thousands of cilia
  • have a cavity (gullet)
  • movement of cilia causes the water ladden with food to be steered into the gullet
  • Paramoecium
• SPOROZOANS 


  plasmodium (malarial parasite)
• DIFFERENT CLASSES OF KINGDOM FUNGI

  PHYCOMYCTES, ASCOMYCETES, BASIDIOMYCETES, DEUTEROMYCETES
• SEXUAL CYCLE OF FUNGUS


  they are

  • fusion of protoplasms between two motile and non motile spores called PLASMOGAMY
  • fusion of two nuclei called KARYOGAMY
  • meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores
• SHORT NOTE ON PHYCOMYCETES

  They are

  • found in decaying wood in moist and damp places
  • mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic
  • asexual reproduction - zoospores or aplanospores
  • sexual reproduction - isogamous , anisogamous
  • zygospore formed by fusion of two gametes
• SHORT NOTE ON ASCOMYCETES

  they are

  • aka sac fungi
  • multicellular - penicilium
  • unicellular - yeast
  • are saprophytic, decomposers parasitic
  • coprophilous - grows on dung
  • mycelium is branched and septate
  • asexual - conidia by conidiophores
  • sexual - ascospores
  • asci are arranged in fruiting bodies called ascocarps
  • examples - Aspergillus, Claviceps, neurospores
  • Neurospora - used in biochemical and genetic work
  • morels and truffles are edible
• BASIDIOMYCETES 


  • mushrooms, bracket fungi, or puffballs
  • grow in soils, logs, tree stumps
  • mycelium is branched and septate
  • asexual spores not found
  • vegetative - fragmentation
  • sex organs are absent but plasmogamy -fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different genotypes
  • karyogamy and meiosis take place in basidium producing four basidiospores
  • examples - Agaricus, Ustilago, Puccinia
• DEUTEROMYCETES

  • imperfect fungi
  • reproduce only by asexual spores - conidia
  • mycelium is septate and branched
  • example - Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma