RAW

• Reading and Writing

  • Enhances the social and intellectual skills of others
  • Not an effortless task
• Reading process

  1. Pre-reading

  2. While-reading

  3. Post-reading
• Pre-reading


  • the reader's motivation to read and to activate their schema or background knowledge
  • Builds expectations and predictions
• While-reading


  Rereading the text until you fully understand its meaning
• Post-reading


  Checking the understanding of the text
• Basic reading skills


  • Rapid Reading
  • Previewing
  • Inferential Reading
  • Literal Reading
  • Critical Reading
• Rapid reading


  • Aims to locate information or main idea in a very short span of time
  • Skimming - gets about the main idea quickly
  • Scanning - gets specific information, answers the wh-questions
• Previewing


  Finding the information deemed relevant
• Inferential reading


  Give hints in “read between the lines”. Deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text
• Literal reading


  Summarize and paraphrase
• Critical reading


  Distinguish facts from opinions and detect logical fallacies
• Types of reading

  • Developmental reading
  • Pleasure reading
  • Functional reading
  • Remedial reading
• Patterns of development

  • Definition
  • Exemplification/Classification
  • Description
  • Chronology/Procedure/Listing
  • Cause and Effect/Problem-Solution
  • Compare and Contrast
  • Persuasion
• Summarizing

  Putting main ideas into your own words while including the main point
• Paraphrasing

  Putting a passage into your own words
• Direct quoting

  A short part of text, an exact copy
• Texts with citations appear more credible as it's backed with professionals' findings
• Criteria in evaluating sources

  • Relevance to the topic
  • Author's qualifications
  • Date of publication
  • Accuracy of information
  • Location of sources
• Why do we cite?

  • To give credit to the author of the original work
  • To promote scholarly writing done in institutions
  • To help your target audience to identify your original source
• Types of citations

  • Reference - bibliographic entries of all references
  • In-text - used in a certain part of their essay
• Parenthetical citation

  Is simply labeled as a source
• Narrative citation


  The citation is part of the idea that of which you expound on
• The American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the 7th edition of the publication manual, replacing the 6th edition published in 2009


  October 2019
• APA: '"provides a foundation for effective scholarly communication because it helps authors represent their ideas in a clear, concise, and organized manner" (APA, 2020, p. xvii)'
• APA style guidelines

  • Use clear, concise language. Avoid contractions and colloquialisms
  • Use "I" in place of editorial "we"
  • Use "that" and "which" for animals and inanimate objects rather than "who"
  • Numerals under 10 should be spelled out; 10 and above expressed as a number
  • Do not use gendered pronouns as a generic pronouns, use "they" instead
  • Use descriptive phrases instead of adjectives as nouns
  • Use past tense verbs to refer to events that occurred in the past
  • Avoid biased language
  • Use exact ranges and categories
• DOI

  Exact link of the file
• URL

  If uploaded on a website. May change
• Author - year - journal - title - article number - page
• If the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher name
• Two types of citations:

  Parenthetical

  Narrative
• Developmental reading

  systematic instruction that aims to develop a student’s reading skills.
• Pleasure reading

  reading for entertainment and enjoyment
• Function reading

  helps students learn basic functional reading ability
• Remedial reading

  Corrects the effects of poor teaching and poor learning
• Definition

   clarifies ideas by answering the question, “what does it mean?”
• Definition's signal words

  • Is defined as
  • refers to
  • as defined as
  • to define
  • means
  • to illustrate
• Exemplification nor classification

  organizes the idea. Provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea.
• Exemplification's signal words

  • After all
  • in other words
  • specifically
  • for example
  • in particular
  • to illustrate
  • for instance
  • in short
  • to clarify
  • stated differently
  • put another way
  • that is
• Classification

  • Another
  • Classified As
  • One kind
  • another kind
  • final type
  • the first category
  • the last group
  • the next type
• Description

  a pattern that provides details on the idea, sensory or spatial.