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• Proteins


  the most abundant organic molecules in

  living systems and are way more diverse in structure and

  function than other classes of macromolecules.
• Proteins


  are key structures found in all living things that are made up of chains of AMINO ACIDS.
• AMINO ACIDS


  Proteins are key structures found in all living things that are made up of chains of _______
• Carbon

  Oxygen

  Hydrogen

  Sulfur


  These amino acids are composed of:
• Conjugated proteins


  yield other compounds aside from amino acids upon

  hydrolysis
• Simple proteins


  yield only amino acids upon hydrolysis.
• Fibrous proteins


  long polymer chains are arranged parallel or nearly parallel to one another to give long fibers or sheets.
• Globular proteins


  fold back on themselves to produce compact, nearly spherical shapes.
• ENZYMES


  act as catalysts in biochemical

  reactions which break down, link up,

  or rearrange substances.
• Amylase, Lipase, Pepsine


  Example of Enzymes:
• HORMONE


  signal and control physiological processes such as growth,

  development, metabolism, and

  reproduction
• Insulin, glucagon


  Example of Hormone:
• TRANSPORT


  -carry substances throughout the

  body in blood or lymph.
• REVIEW THE PICTURE.


  REVIEW THE PICTURE.

  
• hemoglobin


  Example of Transport:
• STRUCTURE


  build different structures like the

  cytoskeleton
• Actin, tubulin, keratin


  Example of Structure:
• DEFENSE


  protect the body from foreign pathogens
• Antibodies


  Example of Defense:
• CONTRACTION


  carry out muscle contraction
• Myosin


  Example of Contraction:
• STORAGE


  provide food for the early development of the embryo or the

  seedling
• Albumin (egg white), legumes


  Example of Storage:
• primary structure


  is the simplest level of

  protein structure. It is simply the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
• DNA


  The sequence of a protein is determined by the _________ of the gene that encodes the protein.
• Amino acids


  are the monomers that make up

  proteins.
• polypeptide


  Specifically, a protein is made up of one or

  more linear chains of amino acids, each of which is called a _____
• 20


  There are _____types of amino acids commonly found in proteins.
• R group


  Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom, known as the ______
• Peptide bonds


  are covalent bonds formed by linking of amino acids in a dehydration synthesis

  reaction.
• carboxyl group


  the _________ of the amino acid at the end

  of the growing polypeptide chain reacts with the amino group of an incoming amino acid, releasing a molecule of water.
• peptide bond


  The resulting

  bond between amino acids is a _________
• secondary structure


  refers to local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone.
• α helix and the β pleated sheet


  The most common types of secondary structures

  are the __________
• carbonyl O; amino H

  Both structures are held in shape by hydrogen bonds,

  which form between the _____ of one amino acid and the ________of another.
• tertiary structure


  The overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide is

  called its
• tertiary structure


  is primarily due to interactions between the R groups of the

  amino acids that make up the protein.
• hydrogen bonding

  ionic bonding

  dipole-dipole interactions

  London dispersion forces

  disulfide bonds.

  The R-groups interactions that contribute to the tertiary structure of the protein are _______
• subunits.


  some proteins are made up of multiple

  polypeptide chains, also known
• quaternary structure


  When these subunits come together, they give the

  protein its ______