cells

• what is the structure of a mitochondria?

  inner folds (cristae) , matrix , double membrane
• what is the structure of a chloroplast?

  double membrane , thylakoid ( granum if stacked) , lamella ,stroma
• what is the function of the golgi?

  package and process lipids and proteins , can make lysomes
• what is the function of a lysosome?


  has digestive enzymes in order to break down parts of the cell and digest invading cells
• what is a ribosome made of?

  RNA and proteins
• what does the RER do?

  folds and processes proteins
• what does the SER do?

  synthesises and processes lipids
• how are epithelial cells adapted for their role?

  -have villi for faster absorption

  -lots of mitochondria for ATP
• what is a plant cell wall made of?

  cellulose
• what is a fungal cell wall made of?

  chitin
• how is DNA stored in prokaryotic cells?

  plasmids

  circular DNA
• why are prokaryotic ribosomes different?

  they are smaller
• what is the cell wall of a prokaryote made of?

  murein
• what do viruses need to replicate?

  host cells
• what do all viruses have?

  -attachment proteins

  -genetic material

  _capsid
• how do prokaryotic cells replicate?

  binary fission
• equation for magnification?


  magnification=size of image/size of real object
• what structure do cell membranes have?

  fluid mosiac
• what are cell membranes made of ?

  phospholipid bilayer , proteins
• phospholipid head is ?

  hydrophilic
• phospholipid tail is?


  hydrophobic
• why is cholesterol in the cell membrane?

  bind to tails restricting movement making the bilayer more rigid and less fluid
• which molecules can diffuse directly through the membrane?

  non-polar , small , oxygen and carbon dioxide
• what proteins does facilitated diffusion use?

  channel and carrier
• factors effecting rate of simple diffusion across a membrane ?

  -concentration gradient

  -thickness of surface

  -surface area
• factors affecting facilitated diffusion?

  -concentration gradient

  -number of proteins
• what does isotonic mean?

  equal water potential
• factors affecting osmosis?


  -water potential gradient

  -thickness of surface

  -surface area
• what does active transport need and why?

  ATP because it goes against the concentration gradient
• how is glucose absorbed in the ileum?

  co-transport