Geography

• Glaciation

  The process by which glaciers shape the landscape
• Britain's glaciated uplands

  • Mountainous regions which have been shaped by glaciers
  • Glaciers are rivers of ice which once covered most of Britain
• Processes of Erosion


  1. Frost Shattering/freeze-thaw weathering

  2. Plucking

  3. Abrasion
• Frost Shattering/Freeze-Thaw Weathering

  Water freezes in cracks in rocks, expands and causes the rock to break into smaller pieces
• Plucking


  The water at the bottom of the glacier freezes onto rock on the valley base. As the glacier moves, the rock is pulled away from the valley base.
• Abrasion


  The rocks frozen into the glacier scour and scrape the valley sides and base, like sandpaper wearing away wood.
• Corrie


  • Snow gathers in a hollow on the North facing side of a mountain
  • Ice moves downhill due to gravity
  • Plucking and abrasion deepen the hollow
  • After the ice melts, a large arm chair shaped corrie remains and water gathers in the bottom forming a tarn
• Arête


  • Two corries form back to back
  • Plucking and frost shattering cause the back walls of the corries to retreat and steepen
  • The back walls have been eroded so far back that only a narrow ridge separates them
  • Frost Shattering has left the top of the ridge jagged
• Pyramidal Peak


  • Three or more corries meet back to back
  • Abrasion and plucking deepen and steepen the back and base of the hollows
  • Narrow ridges called arêtes separate each corrie
  • The corries erode further back which creates a steep sided peak between them
  • Frost Shattering erodes the top of the mountain creating a pointed peak

  
• 1. Shaped Valley


  • Before the Ice Age, rivers in mountains ran in V shaped valleys
  • The glacier bulldozes through the valley, plucking and abrasion steepen the sides and deepen the floor
  • When the ice melts a U-shaped valley remains, sometimes with a misfit stream or ribbon loch
• Truncated Spur


  • The spurs that used to interlock in the valley before glaciation have been removed by the bulldozing action of the glacier
• Hanging Valley


  • Smaller tributary glaciers could not erode their valleys as deeply as the main glacier, so where they met, the tributary valley was left 'hanging' above the main valley
  • After glaciation these became waterfalls
• Corries have a horseshoe shaped contour on maps, may have a corrie lake or tarn, and may be named as a 'corrie' or 'cwm' or 'Coire'
• Arêtes have closely packed contour lines either side and often have rocky tops
• Pyramidal peaks have a sharp summit and steep slopes on at least three sides, often seen as triangular on maps

  
• 1. shaped valleys have steep sides and a wide, flat floor, are usually straight and deep, with closely packed contours on the sides and few on the flat floor, may have a ribbon lake or misfit stream

  
• Truncated spurs often have almost right angled contour lines, may have cliff symbols
• Hanging valleys have contour lines 'wrapped round' the water and usually lead into U shaped valleys

  
• National Park


  An area of countryside designated for conservation and recreation, with restricted development
• Land Use in Loch Lomond National Park

  • Forestry
  • Hill Sheep Farming
  • Tourism
• Lots of tourists travelling to Loch Lomond


  Leads to congestion on roads, increases noise and air pollution
• Footpaths get bigger and bigger as walkers try to avoid muddy, worn parts


  Creates a scar on the landscape and becomes an eyesore
• People visiting Loch Lomond


  Often leave their litter after a picnic or camping trip, creating an eyesore and danger for wildlife
• Walkers leave gates open when walking through a field

  Animals can escape, costing the farmer money and causing danger
• Walkers take dogs off their lead while walking

  Dogs have a natural instinct to chase sheep, which can be very dangerous and costly for the farmer
• Wild camping and fires in the summertime

  Create litter and increase the risk of accidents, especially in dry conditions when fires can spread
• In 2017 the national park authority introduced byelaws restricting the right to camp along much of the shoreline of Loch Lomond, requiring permits for designated camping areas
• Weather


  The condition of the air at any one place at any given time
• Elements of the Weather

  • Temperature
  • Precipitation
  • Wind
  • Humidity
  • Pressure

  
• Weather instruments


  • Used to measure and record the weather
  • Found in weather stations on land, on ships, weather buoys, planes, weather balloons and satellites

  
• Six's Thermometer


  Measures the maximum and minimum air temperature, measured in degrees Celsius (°C)
• Factors affecting the weather in the UK

  • Latitude
  • Distance from sea
  • Relief/Altitude
  • Aspect
  • Urban areas

  
• Latitude


  Describes how far a place is from the equator, temperatures generally decrease the further north you go
• Distance from the sea


  Water cools down more slowly than land, so the sea stays warmer for longer. In winter it is warmer in the West of the UK, in summer it is cooler in the West
• Relief


  • Warm moist air rises over high land to the West of the UK, cooling and condensing to form clouds and rain. The dry air advances to the East.
• Altitude


  • Upland areas are colder as temperatures decrease 1°C for every 100 metres gained in height. Wind speeds increase with altitude, affecting temperature.
• Aspect


  The direction in which land, a slope or a building faces, affecting how much sunshine a place receives and its temperature

  
• Urban areas


  • Large towns and cities create heat from people, central heating and car use
• Air masses affecting the UK

  • Tropical maritime
  • Tropical continental
  • Polar maritime
  • Polar continental
  • Arctic
• Tropical continental air in summer

  Brings hot and dry conditions