PARA

• Trophozoites - can cross placental barrier
• Fecal-Oral - most common mode of transmission
• Hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichuria, and Strongyloides stercoralis - most commonly transmitted through soil
• Flukes - Trematodes
• Cestodes - Tapeworms
• Parthenogenetic - strong independent woman ng mga parasites; Strongyloides stercoralis
• Triatoma bugs - vector of Trypanosoma cruzi
• Phlebotomus sandflies - vector of Leishmania spp.
• Hookworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Schistosoma spp. - can penetrate through skin
• Cercariae in water - stage of Schistosoma spp. that can do skin penetration
• Toxoplasma gondii (trophozoites) - can cross placental barrier
• Ancylostoma and Strongyloides - mother's milk as MOT
• Enterobius vermicularis - transmitted through inhalation of airborne eggs
• Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica - through sexual intercourse
• Entamoeba histolytica - Penile amoebiasis
• Malaria - iatrogenic through blood transfusions
• Toxoplasmosis - iatrogenic through organ transplantation
• Auto - reinfection:

  
  

  Nematodes - Capillaria philippinensis, E. vermicularis, and Strongyloides

  Cestodes- Taenia solium and Hymenolepis nana

  Protozoan - Cryptosporidium hominis and parvum
• Cat hookworm - Ancylostoma braziliense
• Dog hookworm - Ancylostoma caninum
• Old world hookworm - Ancylostoma duodenale
• Herring's worm (Fish and Marine) - Anisakis
• Giant intestinal roundworm - Ascaris lumbricoides
• Malayan filarial worm - Brugia malayi
• Pudoc worm - Capillaria philippinensis
• Chinese /Oriental Liver fluke - Clonorchis sinensis
• Broadfish tapeworm - Dyphyllobothrium latum
• Dipyllidium caninum - Dog tapeworm
• Fiery serpent of the Israelites - Dracunculus medinensis
• Hydatid worm - Echinococcus granulosus
• Garrison's fluke - Echinococcus ilocanum
• Pinworm - Enterobius vermicularis
• Enterobius vermicularis - Seatworm
• Social or Society worm - Enterobius vermicularis
• Tropical liver fluke - Fasciola gigantica
• Giant liver fluke - Fasciola gigantica
• Temperate liver fluke - Fasciola gigantica
• Fasciola gigantica - Sheep liver fluke
• Giant intestinal fluke - Fasciolopsis buski
• Von Siebold's fluke - Heterophyes heterophyes