Bio Notes 🧬🔬

• Cell


  The basic unit that is capable of performing life functions
• Cell Theory


  • All living things are made of one or more cells and share products
  • The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out a life process
  • Cells come from other cells, they don't come from non-living matter
• Robert Hooke's contribution


  1. Examined cork under a microscope

  2. used the term "cell"
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's contribution


  Studied pond water
• Theodor Schwann's contribution


  Stated that all living organisms are composed of cells
• Henri Dutrochet's contribution


  1. Discovered the phenomenon of osmosis

  2. Proposed the idea that cells are the functional unit of life
• Robert Brown's contribution


  Observed the nucleus of the cell while examining orchids
• Domains of Life


  • Bacteria
  • Archara
• Prokaryotic cell


  A cell that doesn't contain a nucleus or other membrane organism
• Eukaryotic cell


  A cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles each surrounded by a thin membrane
• Organisms with eukaryotic cells

  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Protists
• Eukaryotic cell organelles


  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Bodies
  • Vacuoles
• Cytoplasm


  The area where all the organelles are suspended in a cell

  Mostly water based

  Allows for the organelles to be moved around
• Cell Membrane


  Supports cell and allows Some Substances to enter, while keeping others out (semi- permeable membrane) Sometimes called the plame membrane
• Nucleus


  Spherical structure within the cell

  Surrounded by its own membrane- nuclear membrane

  Contains genetic information stored on our chromosomes which Controls cell activities.
• Mitochondria


  Makes energy for the cell

  Our cells store energy as a form of glucose

  Enzymes in the mitochondria convert this into a usable form of energy through the process of cellular respiration
• Endoplasmic Reticulum


  3D network of branching tubes and pockets

  Continuous from nuclear membrane and extends through cytoplasm

  Responsible for transporting materials such as proteins through the cell

  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: contains ribosomes

  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Doesn't contain ribosomes
• Ribosomes


  The 'machines' that help to make proteins

  They are made within the nucleus
• Golgi Bodies


  Responsible for collecting and processing material to be removed and distributed through the cell.
• Vacuoles


  They are jingle larger membrane enclosing fluid in a sac

  depending on the type of cell Containing substances for the cell Removing unwanted substances from the cell

  Maintain internal fluid pressure

  animal cells have many small vacuoles
• Organelles in Plant Cells ONLY

  • Plant Cell Vacuoles
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell Wall
• Plant Cell Vacuoles


  small vacuoles, often not visible

  Plant cells have only large vacuole

  Takes up most of the space in the cell

  Keeps the cells plump
• Chloroplasts


  Organelles that contain chlorophyll

  Chloroplasts absorb light energy from the sun for photosynthesis
• Cell Wall


  Found outside at the cell membrane

  Made of cellulose

  Provides Support for the cell and protection form injury