P.E 1

• Skeleton


  • Designed in several places to protect vital organs, muscles and tissue from getting damaged during contact and collisions
  • The cranium, rib cage, sternum and patella all protect vital organs or muscle tissue during physical activity
• Cranium


  Protects the brain from serious damage when heading the ball in a game of football
• Bone classification


  • Flat bones
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Irregular bones
• Flat bones


  • Protect vital organs
  • Act like a shield
• Long bones


  • Produce gross (large) movements
• Short bones


  • Produce fine movements
  • The shape and type of the bones determine the amount of movement
• Irregular bones


  • Protect soft tissues
  • Have no definite geometrical shape
• Joint


  • A place where two or more bones meet
  • All joints allow movement, although the extent and freedom of movement vary from joint to joint
• Synovial joint


  The type of joint commonly found in the limbs, contains a synovial membrane to lubricate the joints
• Types of synovial joints

  • 6 types of freely moveable joints
• Muscle


  Pulls on the bone to move it in a specific direction
• Tendon


  Joins muscle to bone to enable movement
• Ligament


  Holds the joint together – holds bone to bone
• Cartilage


  Protects the ends of bones – shock absorber
• Synovial fluid


  Lubricates the joint
• Bursae


  Air bag of the joint – shock absorbing pad
• Joint Membrane


  Keeps synovial fluid within the joint
• Joint Capsule


  Protects the synovial membrane from damage
• Types of Joint Movement

  • Extension
  • Flexion
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Circumduction
  • Rotation
• Extension


  Increasing the angle at a joint (Straightening the joint)
• Flexion


  Decreasing the angle at a joint (Bending the joint)
• Abduction


  Sideways moving limb away from midline of the body
• Adduction


  Sideways moving limb towards midline of the body
• Circumduction


  Limb moves in a circle, occurs at the shoulder joint during an overarm tennis serve or cricket bowl
• Rotation


  Limb moves in a circular movement around a fixed joint towards or away from the midline of the body
• Pivot joint


  • Neck
• Hinge joint


  • Allow extensive flexion and extension (Bending and straightening) with only a small amount of rotation, e.g. Knee, Elbow and Ankle
• Ball and Socket joint


  • Allows the greatest range of movement, one end of the bone is shaped like a ball and fits into a hollow socket at the end of another joint, held together by ligaments and tendons, e.g. Hip and Shoulder
• Condyloid joint


  • Wrist
• Plantar flexion


  Movement at the ankle where the toes are pointed towards the ground
• Dorsi flexion


  Movement at the ankle where the toes are pulled up towards the knee
• Numerous ligaments work together to limit extreme movements & dislocations of the ankle joint while providing sufficient flexibility that helps the body walk on uneven surfaces & maintain its balance
• Ankle joint is formed by the tibia & fibula & the talus bone of the foot
• Sporting actions and movements

  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Deltoid
  • Rotator cuffs
  • Pectorals
  • Intercostals
  • Triceps
  • Biceps
  • Abdominals
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Tibialis anterior
• Sternocleidomastoid

  Help with the breathing process, particularly in endurance events
• Deltoid


  Abduction of the shoulder (moving the arm outwards and away from the body), outward arm action in a jumping jack
• Rotator cuffs


  A group of stabilising muscles of the shoulder which helps to prevent dislocation and allows the shoulder to rotate the humerus around its own axis, used in a throwing action such as a javelin throw
• Pectorals


  Adduction of the shoulder (moving the arm towards the body), shoulder horizontal flexion (moving the arms forwards in front of the body), upwards phase of a press up
• Intercostals


  Assist with the breathing process, particularly in endurance events
• Triceps


  Extend the elbow (straightening the arm), used in shooting in netball