2.8 Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration


  Cellular respiration is the gradual and controlled release of energy bybreaking down organic compounds to produce ATP( A denosine T ri P hosphate).
• What are the three main processes of cellular respiration?

  Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
• Structure of ATP

  
• Where does glycolysis occur?


  cytoplasm
• Where does the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur?

  mitochondria
• Where exactly in the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle occur?

  In the matrix

  
• Where exactly in the mitochondria does the electron transport chain occur?

  Inner membrane of the mitochondrial envelope

  
• How is energy produced with ATP?

  When ATP is hydrolysed

  
• How is energy stored in ATP?

  Energy is generated during respiration and is stored in the phosphate bond of ATP
• What is cell respiration without the presence of air called?

  Anaerobic respiration
• What does anaerobic respiration involve?


  Only glycolysis as for the other steps require oxygen
• What does the respiration of yeast produce?

  ethanol and CO2
• Why do we need anaerobic respiration?


  During strenuous exercise our bodies may use up all the oxygen available therefore to produce ATP without oxygen anaerobic respiration is used.
• What is produced during anaerobic respiration in humans (other than ATP)

  lactic acid/ lactate
• Lactic acid (lactate) fermentation formula

  Glucose → lactate + 2 ATP molecules
• Alcoholic fermentation formula


  Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP molecules
• What produces more ATP aerobic or anaerobic respiration

  aerobic respiration producesmoreATP
• In yeast anaerobic respiration creates...

  ethanol and CO2
• in animal muscle cells anaerobic respiration creates...

  lactate
• What processes occur in the cytoplasm of a human muscle cell?

  Glycolysis and lactate production
• How many ATP molecules are produced by anaerobic respiration in yeast?

  2 ATP molecules
• Why can more ATP molecules be created aerobically vs anaerobically


  Because all four steps of cellular respiration are completed whereas in anaerobic respiration of glycolysis is completed.
• Equation of aerobic cell respiration

  
• Where does anaerobic respiration occur?


  In the cytoplasm
• Similarities and differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

  
• What apparatus measures the rate of respiration? How?

  Respirometer. By measuring the consumption of oxygen as aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces CO2 and water
• What solution is at the bottom of a respirator? Why?

  An alkaline solution such as potassium hydroxide; to absorb the CO2 produced so that only oxygen is measured.
• What are the 4 parts of aerobic respiration

  1. Glycolysis

  2. Pyruvate Oxidation

  3. Krebs Cycle

  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
• How many ATP molecules is produced in each stage?

  1. Glycolysis (2)

  2. Pyruvate Oxidation (0)

  3. Krebs Cycle (1 per cycle: 2)

  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation (32)

  
  

  Total: 36 ATP molecules
• mitochondrion


  organelle with a double-membrane that is the main site for cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen
• cytoplasm


  location in cells where glycolysis takes place
• Cellular respiration


  The controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP
• Glycolysis


  Metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate
• Pyruvate


  Product of glycolysis that is used and synthesised by metabolic pathways
• Aerobic Respiration


  Takes place with the presence of oxygen (in mitochondria) and is the process by which organisms produce energy through the use of mitochondria
• Anaerobic respiration


  Takes place when oxygen is not present (in cytoplasm)
• OIL RIG


  An acronym to help students understand that:

  Oxidation is loss (of electrons)

  Reduction is Gain (of electrons)
• Phosphorylation


  When phosphate is added to ADP to form ATP
• Lysis


  The conversion of hexose biphosphate into 2 triose phosphate molecules
• Oxidation


  The removal of hydrogen or electrons; the gain of oxygen